Transcript How to measure spatial abilities in visually impaired people? Frank J.J.M. Steyvers ICTTP 2012 Issue › Applied research: often no problem › Relation with fundamental research.

How to measure spatial abilities
in visually impaired people?
Frank J.J.M. Steyvers
ICTTP 2012
Issue
› Applied research: often no problem
› Relation with fundamental research is missing
• Many spatial ability test are visual
• Useless for Visually Impaired Persons (VIPs)
Tests suitable for VIPs
› Performance tests (“self” constructed)
• Zoo-test
• Lego-test
› Referenced with
• Corsi block test
• Money road map test
• Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Test
• Kozlowski & Bryant scale
• GIT: puzzle, calculations, word matrices
Method
› 48 normally sighted, matched with VIPs from previous
research
› Counterbalanced execution of the various tests
› Calculation of correlations
Zoo-test
› Description of
• plan of a zoo (survey condition)
• route through a zoo (route condition)
› 20 questions about relation between items
both in survey- and in route-condition ways
› Repeated twice
› Performance: # questions correct
Zoo-plan
Cat-like
predators
African
animals
Insect
house
Bears
Mountain
animals
Birds
Monkey
rock
Aquarium
Reptile
house
Children’s
playground
Petting zoo
Restaurant
Ticket booth
Entrance
Lego-test
› Feel construction of 3 “towers” on a base plate for 10s
› Copy from memory with loose bricks
› Performance:
• completion time
• accuracy on four dimensions
(location, orientation, height, and brick type)
› Use: both hands, preferred hand, non-preferred hand,
both hands + vision
› Three trials each
Lego-test material
Corsy block (tapping) test
› Tapping an
increasingly
complex pattern on
a plate with nine
blocks (numbers
invisible)
› Subject has
reconstruct the
tapping pattern in
normal or in
reversed order
Money Road map test
› Show a tracing pencil
op the map
› Subject has to indicate
the direction of the
turns as if in the pencil
tip (like a car)
SBSOD-scale
› 15-item scale with a
resolution of 7
between the scale
anchors
Kozlowski & Bryant scale
› One-item scale:
“How good is your sense of direction?”
› Originally with a resolution of 9 between the scale
anchors
› For this study added as a 16th item to the SBSODscale with a resolution of 7 between scale anchors
Groninger Intelligence Test (GIT)
› Calculations: solving 40 additions of three numbers
asap, e.g.,13
34
25 +
› Puzzles: select from a set of forms those necessary
to complete a more complex figure (compare with
tangram, only the figures and forms are drawings)
› Word matrices: complete analogies (mc), e.g.,
high – low  big – …
1) strong; 2) heavy; 3) deep; 4) firm; 5) small
Results 1: corr. with performance tests
1
1 Zoo #corr. survey-q r
N
2 Zoo #corr. route-q r
N
3 Lego sum details r
N
4 Lego sum overall patterns r
N
Corsi #corr. r
N
Corsi longest r
N
Money #err. r
N
Money time r
N
0.723*
43
-0.461*
43
-0.257
43
0.122
43
0.300*
43
-0.258
43
-0.076
43
2
0.723*
43
-0.500*
43
-0.242
43
0.257
43
0.329*
43
-0.324*
43
-0.288
43
3
-0.461*
43
-0.500*
43
0.583*
44
-0.519*
44
-0.512*
44
0.367
44
0.153
44
4
-0.257
43
-0.242
43
0.583*
44
-0.535*
44
-0.422*
44
0.241
44
0.108
44
Results 2: corr. with self-reports
1
1 Zoo #corr. survey-q r
N
2 Zoo #corr. route-q r
N
3 Lego sum details r
N
4 Lego sum overall patterns r
N
SBSoD r
N
KandB r
N
GIT puzzle r
N
GIT calculations r
N
GIT word matrices r
N
GIT IQ complete r
N
0.723*
43
-0.461*
43
-0.257
43
-0.255
43
0.199
43
0.340*
43
-0.028
43
0.208
43
0.266
43
2
0.723*
43
-0.500*
43
-0.242
43
-0.245
43
0.264
43
0.482*
43
-0.066
43
0.257
43
0410*
43
3
-0.461*
43
-0.500*
43
0.583*
44
0.187
44
-0.194
44
-0.194
44
0.458*
44
-0.059
44
0.132
44
4
-0.257
43
-0.242
43
0.583*
44
0.109
44
-0.157
44
-0.069
44
0.076
44
-0.239
44
-0.098
44
Discussion 1
› No clear picture
› Performance tests:
• corr. between ZOO and Lego-details
• corr. between ZOO and Corsi Longest
• corr. between ZOO and Money errors
• corr. between Lego and Corsi #correct
• corr. between Lego and Corsi Longest
› Self-reports:
• no correlations with questionnairs
• … (cont)
Discussion 2
› GIT subtests:
• corr. between ZOO and GIT puzzle
• corr. between ZOO and GIT complete
• corr. between Lego details and GIT calculations
› Other (older) results:
• No corr. with Big-5
• No corr. with Working Memory size (number lists)
• No corr. with spatial mental rotation test
• No corr. with field-dependency tests
• No corr. with handedness, or gender
Conclusion
› Some spatial results with performance tests
› The search continues…
› Any questions?
› This presentation is based on the Ba-theses of
Willem Takens, Sophie Snoek, Tessa Drent, Tijo
Knol, Remco Paulusma, Gerdine Douma, Pauline van
Dijk and Marlot Schuurman, all supervised by the
author
Thank you for your attention
Zoo-test (2006, good-performers only)
100
Proportion correct answers (%)
Survey-type questions
Route-type questions
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
Route-type info
3
1
Exposure
2
Survey-type info
3
Zoo-test (2009, "giris-III")
100
Proportion correct answers (%)
Survey-type questions
Route-type questions
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
Route-type info
3
1
Exposure
2
Survey-type info
3