HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Internal dynamics of the Earth CONTENTS RESOURCES BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS CONTENTS INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Tectonic plates Tectonic plates Internal heat The interior.
Download ReportTranscript HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Internal dynamics of the Earth CONTENTS RESOURCES BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS CONTENTS INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Tectonic plates Tectonic plates Internal heat The interior.
HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Internal dynamics of the Earth CONTENTS RESOURCES BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS CONTENTS INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Tectonic plates Tectonic plates Internal heat The interior of the Earth Why the interior is so hot Characteristics Phenomena Evidence Volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruptions Volcanic material Types of eruptions Reducing the damages Reducing the damage Warning systems Earthquakes Earthquakes Effects Seismic waves Mountain building Relief features Distribution of seismic and volcanic activity Interaction of processes Rocks Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks The rock cycle BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS RESOURCES Why the interior of the Earth is so hot Characteristics of the interior of the Earth Tectonic plates Phenomena produced by internal energy Evidence of the heat from the interior of the Earth Volcanic eruptions Eruptions and volcanic material Types of eruptions Earthquakes Effects of earthquakes Seismic waves Reducing the damage Warning systems Mountain building and relief features Distribution of seismic and volcanic activity Interaction of internal and external processes Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks The rock cycle Links The interior of the Earth BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Why the interior of the Earth is so hot 4,600 million years ago 4,000 million years ago Earth today metal materials crust liquid outer core solid inner core (6,000 ºC) solid crust meteorite mantle Giant meteorites continually collided with the Earth. nucleus As the Earth heated up, it expanded in size. Metal materials sunk to the centre. solid mantle ocean BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Characteristics of the interior of the Earth Temperature and pressure increase with depth. At a depth of 50 km: • the temperature is 600 ºC • the pressure is 20,000 atmospheres GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT Rate of increase in temperature: 30 ºC per kilometre BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Tectonic plates BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Tectonic plates Plates move in three ways. At divergent boundaries, plates move apart. At transform boundaries, plates slide by each other. At convergent boundaries, plates push together. BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Phenomena produced by internal energy Continental drift Volcanic eruptions A slow horizontal movement of the continents. Molten rock and gases are ejected through the Earth’s crust. Earthquakes Isostasy A violent trembling of the Earth’s crust which lasts a short time and varies in intensity. Slow vertical movement of the Earth’s crust. BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Evidence of heat from the interior of the Earth Formation of the atmosphere Hot rocks Formation of a magnetic field Hydrothermal phenomena BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Volcanic eruptions hotspot crust crust mantle mantle hot spots within the mantle outer core inner core BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Eruptions and volcanic material GASES PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS vent volcanic cone LAVA pipe (conduit) magma chamber CLICK TO SEE MORE BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Eruptions and volcanic material [close] GASES carbon dioxde PYROCLASTIC water MATERIALS vent vapour volcanic cone sulphur gases carbon monoxide LAVA pipe (conduit) magma chamber CLICK TO SEE MORE GASES BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Eruptions and volcanic material [close] PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL GASES ash vent PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS volcanic cone lapilli LAVA pipe (conduit) volcanic bombs magma chamber CLICK TO SEE MORE BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Eruptions and volcanic material [close] GASES vent PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS Bubbles of gas escape gently. volcanic cone At more than 1,000 ºC, lava is very liquid and flows easily. Bubbles of gas splatter and cause explosions. LAVA pipe (conduit) magma chamber LAVA At less than 700 ºC, lava is thick and flows slowly. BACK CLICK TO SEE MORE CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Types of eruptions CLICK ON THE GREEN BUTTONS TO LEARN MORE. HAWAIIAN VULCANIAN STROMBOLIAN BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Types of eruptions CLICK ON THE GREEN [close] MORE. BUTTONS TO LEARN Shield volcano magma chamber HAWAIIAN central vent pipe (conduit) • magma temperature: very high (over 1,000 ºC) • very liquid lava • not very destructive nor explosive VULCANIAN STROMBOLIAN BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Types of eruptions CLICK ON THE GREEN [close] MORE. BUTTONS TO LEARN Stratovolcano (composite volcano) central vent volcanic cone pipe (conduit) magma chamber STROMBOLIAN HAWAIIAN • magma temperature: moderate (700 - 1,000 ºC) • thick lava VULCANIAN STROMBOLIAN • explosive pyroclastic material BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Types of eruptions CLICK ON THE GREEN BUTTONS TO LEARN [close] MORE. Dome volcano volcanic pipe of solidified lava magma chamber VULCANIAN HAWAIIAN • magma temperature: low (less than 700 ºC) • violent, destructive explosions VULCANIAN STROMBOLIAN • generally gases and ash are expelled BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Earthquakes epicentre seismic waves hypocentre (focus) Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy from the Earth’s crust. BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Effects of earthquakes Richter Scale 9.6 landslides tsunami damage to buildings epicentre Chile (1960) hypocentre (focus) seismic waves BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Seismic waves Studying seismic waves seismograph seismogram WHAT OTHER INFORMATION CAN SCIENTISTS LEARN FROM SEISMIC WAVES? seismic waves BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Seismic waves Answer: They can learn information about the internal structure of the Earth. tectonic (lithospheric) plates crust (granite and basalt) lithosphere mantle (perioditite) liquid outer core core (iron) solid inner core GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Reducing the damage from earthquakes and volcanoes Prediction Risk map low high Prediction Preparedness Emissions of water vapour and other gases are observed. Buildings are designed to withstand seismic movement. BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Warning systems satellite Hawaii buoy An early warning buoy system receives information about waves, wind and seismic movement. BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Himalayas Two plates push together. RELIEF FEATURES OF THE EARTH rift valley The crust thickens. Two plates move apart. mantle rising current outer core HOW RELIEF IS FORMED BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Two plates push together. RELIEF FEATURES OF THE EARTH rift The crust thickens. Eurasia Two plates move apart. Ebro massif Pyrenees mantle rising current outer core Iberian plate Iberian plate GO BACK BACK Betic ranges Alboran plate Alboran plate 100 20 million million 60 million years years years agoago CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Continental shelves: areas near the coastline, under the sea, made up of continental crust CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Oceanic (mid-oceanic) ridges: chains of submarine mountains with intense volcanic activity CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Great plains: large extensions of flat land CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Mountain ranges: chains of mountains CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Ocean trenches: the deepest areas of the ocean CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Submarine volcanoes can create volcanic archipelagos. CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Mountain building and relief features Abyssal plains: the largest plains on the planet CLICK ON THE RED DOTS TO LEARN MORE GO BACK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Distribution of seismic and volcanic activity volcanic activity high seismic activity moderate seismic activity low seismic activity BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Interaction of internal and external processes Agents erode and reduce the weight of the lithosphere. Isostatic movement uplift The weight of deposited sediment produces subsidence. subsidence (sinking) BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Igneous rocks Common igneous rocks PEGAMATITE SYENITE GABBRO VOLCANIC SCORIA PUMICE OBSIDIAN BASALT Volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks Plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks GRANITE BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Metamorphic rocks Clay minerals Clay minerals or slate Clay minerals, slate, or schist Sandstone with quartz Limestone intense increase in temperature and pressure intense increase in temperature and pressure very intense increase in temperature and pressure SCHIST GNEISS intense increase in temperature and pressure increase in temperature and pressure Metamorphic rock Original rock and metamorphism Common metamorphic rocks SLATE QUARTZITE BACK CLOSE MARBLE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS The rock cycle SEDIMENTS melting METAMORPHIC ROCK cooling MAGMA weathering and erosion compaction and cementation SEDIMENTARY ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK BACK CLOSE HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2 Unit 9 LINKS Links The interior of the Earth http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/as tr161/lect/earth/interior.html How earthquakes happen http://news.bbc.co. uk/2/hi/4126809.stm Plate tectonics http://www.bbc.co. uk/schools/gcsebit esize/geography/pl atetectonics/ Earthquakes http://www.bbc.co.uk/scie nce/hottopics/naturaldisa sters/earthquakes.shtml Rockhounds How do rocks undergo change? http://www.fi.edu/fel lows/fellow1/oct98/ expert/index.html http://www.classzone.com/books/eart h_science/terc/content/investigations/ es0602/es0602page01.cfm?chapter_n o=investigation Rocks and the rock cycle http://www.windows.ucar.edu/ tour/link=/earth/geology/rocks _intro.html Interactives: Volcanoes http://www.learner.org/inter actives/volcanoes/ Animated guide: volcanoes http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/s cience/nature/4972366.stm The Earth: A living planet http://www.seed.slb.com/en/s cictr/watch/living_planet/inde x.htm Observe animations of processes that occur along plate boundaries. http://www.classzone.com/books/eart h_science/terc/content/visualizations/ es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_n o=visualization The rock cycle diagram http://www.learner.org/interac tives/rockcycle/diagram.html BACK CLOSE