Transcript ECE– Pattern Recognition AILC 2013: The Dynamics of Rape in Modern Indian Society The Dynamics of Rape in Modern Indian Society V.K.

ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
The Dynamics of Rape in
Modern Indian Society
V.K. Madan, PhD
Senior Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, India
and
R.K. Sinha, PhD
Ex-Professor & Head
Department of Extra Mural Studies
International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Inspiration for
AILC 2013
Heidi
and
Antheil
•Heidi Lamarr and George Antheil invented Spread Spectrum
Communication technique. It also serves basis of Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, and CDMA technology
•Heidi worked as actor and Antheil as musician in Hollywood,
& at night worked to invent secret electronics communication
•Heidi’s sobriquet was "the most beautiful woman in the
world”, and Antheil was an “avant grade musician”
•Also was inspired by earlier research in population sciences,
and credit courses in Sociology, Economics, and Modern Art
• Started with Religion and Crime, & shifted to the Present
Topic
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Crime
• malum in se: wrong in itself (legal),
evil (moral). For example rape, theft,
murder etc.
• malum prohibitum: legally prohibited.
For example improper use of inside
information, tax avoidance etc.
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Recent Media Coverage
4-year-old Mumbai girl raped by school bus cleaner
Pradeep Gupta, TNN | Sep 15, 2013, 01.30 AM IST
Swiss government 'profoundly shocked' by gang-rape of its
national in India
Press Trust of India | Updated: March 17, 2013 17:31 IST
Not Again: A Gang Rape in Mumbai Leaves India Reeling
By Mansi Choksi / Mumbai Aug. 23, 2013
ForbesWoman 1/02/2013 @ 11:37AM
Rape Every 20 Minutes For The World's Largest
Democracy?
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Recent High Profile Case
•In Dec. 2012, a high profile case pricked
the conscience of the nation
•A 23 years female student was gang raped
in a moving bus with unimaginable acts of
cruelty
•Unprecedented protests in the country
•The Govt. acted swiftly to contain the crime
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
India
• Rape is horrific fact of life, and has increased
sharply in recent times
• UN Sec. Gen: protect women
• UN Human Rights High Comm: rape a
national problem
• Govt acted swiftly and took more strict
measures
• Rape is a challenge to the contemporary
thinking. It is perhaps the most difficult crime
to deal with including legally.
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Women in India
•Divine personification of feminine power
was and is known as Shakti
•Gender Equality in the Constitution
•Women occupy position of leadership in
most fields
•In most walks of life, women are seen in
plenty including jobs, college goers etc.
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Fund: Shrine Board & also UGC
• Pilgrims going to Mandir
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Indian Laws for Crime
• The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the fundamental
document describing an exhaustive list of all cases
of crime and punishment.
• IPC: prepared in 1860 with 511 sections
• Jammu and Kashmir: Ranbir Penal Code (RPC)
• IPC was adopted on independence by Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia,
Singapore, and Brunei and remains basis of
criminal codes in these countries
• IPC amended time to time
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Indian Penal Code (IPC)
• Maxim of IPC: actus non facit reum,
nisi mens sit re meaning guilty act has
guilty mind
• Crime: actus reus and mens rea
(subjective)
• In IPC mens rea: intentionally,
knowingly, voluntarily, fraudulently,
dishonestly
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Indian Penal Code: 375 and 376
• IPC: section 375 and section 376 refer to rape
• Section 375 refers to rape
• Section 376 refers to punishment
• IPC 375: “ … in a circumstance like against her will, without her
consent under false promise, consent by coersion, with her
consent, when she has unsound of mind or intoxication, she is
unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to
which she gives consent, or with or without her consent, when
she is under sixteen years of age
• IPC 376: “ … a minimum punishment of seven years for the
perpetrator. The punishment covers an exhaustive list” … like
punishment for a public servant, police, and gang rapists.”
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Recent Amedments in IPC 375 & 376
•
•
•
•
Justice Verma Committee: recommend amendments
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013
Age of consent from 16 to 18 years
In 375 IPC: the word rape replaced with sexual
assault. Lack of physical resistance does not matter
unlike in Germany
• In 376 IPC: minimum punishment of 20 years , and in
extreme cases death penalty
• Marital rape above 15 years of age of woman not
crime
• New offences added like acid attack, sexual
harassment, voyeurism, stalking with related
punishments
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Legal Definition of Rape: A space time function
Legal definition of rape can be mathematically modeled as a
space time function as it keeps evolving and depends on region of
the world:
• Marital rape was a crime in US but no more
• Legal definition of rape redefined in USA and India in 2013,
however is different
• 376 IPC for the Dec 2012 high profile case in India for juvenile
is debatable
• In Germany the victim has to prove that sufficient resistance
was put else legally no crime. In India it is a legally a crime by
IPC 375
• In French law in the past marrying without parental consent was
legally considered a crime of rape against father not the woman
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Judgement: Objective or Subjective?
• Rape: two extreme views as liberal and radical
• Liberal: sexual assault, Radical: mens rea
• Perception may vary anywhere from liberal to
radial
• Germany: In 2012 for a 15 year old victim, the
judge pronounced: “Es hätte weglaufen oder
Hilfe rufen können, aber es hat alles über sich
ergehe” n lassen. Das reicht nicht, um
jemanden zu bestrafen” implying not enough
resistance was put, and hence legally no crime
• India: The above is legally a crime
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Laws
• “Laws are spider webs through which the
big flies pass and the little ones get
caught.”
― Honoré de Balzac
• Laws are necessary but not sufficient to
contain crime including rape
• Law was forced for Al Capone in USA
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Anarchism, Moral, and Laws
• "Into every tidy scheme for arranging the pattern
of human life, it is necessary to inject a certain
dose of anarchism.“
- Bertrand Russell
• If you follow all rules you can not make good
music, if you made good music you followed all
rules
• Desirable: Society should intrinsically have high
moral and need less laws
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Indian Rape Statistics and Analysis
•Quantitative statistical Analysis:
Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
Technique
•35 Regions of India: 28 States and seven
Union Territories
•Eleven Socio-Economic-Demographic
Predictor Variables
•National Crime Records Bureau and
Census Data
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Socio-Economic-Demographic
Predictor Variables
•Male and Female Literacy
•Total
•Rural
•Urban
•Sex Ratio
•Rural and Urban Population
•Work Participation Rate
•Men
•Women
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Rape Rate
2.7886
2.04346
35
% Male Lit. (T)
85.2717
6.32653
35
%Male Lit. (R)
82.3357
7.05876
35
% Male Lit. (U)
91.3011
3.54109
35
% Fem. Lit. (T)
71.4677
10.48830
35
% Fem. Lit. (R)
66.0589
11.31427
35
% Fem. Lit. (U)
82.1720
6.23847
35
Sex Ratio
929.30
79.682
35
% Rural
61.2140
22.20706
35
% Urban
38.7860
22.20706
35
WPR(M)
54.4029
5.11897
35
WPR (F)
26.3114
9.68427
35
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Statistics Across 35 Regions of India
• Literacy: Male (T), Male (R), Male (U),
Female (U) std dev is low, while for
Female (T) and Female (R) is high
• Work Participation Ratio, std dev is low
for males and high for females
• Std dev of % rural and % urban
population is as expected exactly the
same
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Rape Rates Across Regions
•Mizoram has the highest rate of 10.1
per lakh of population while Lakshdeep
has no reported incident of rape.
•Mizoram: high incidents and high
reporting. Christian ethics of forgiveness
is misused with little fear of reprisal and
grim drug abuse in the State
•Lakshdeep: Women enjoy respectful
status. About 40% households headed
by women.
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Variables
Rape Rate
Rape Rate
Correlation Sig. (2Coefficient tailed)
1.00
0.000
N
35
% Male Lit. (T)
0.022
0.899
35
%Male Lit. (R)
0.014
0.938
35
% Male Lit. (U)
-0.363*
0.032
35
% Fem. Lit. (T)
0.177
0.308
35
% Fem. Lit. (R)
0.178
0.307
35
% Fem. Lit. (U)
-0.412*
0.014
35
Sex Ratio
0.175
0.316
35
% Rural
0.197
0.256
35
% Urban
-0.197
0.256
35
WPR(M)
-.080
0.650
35
WPR (F)
.287
0.094
35
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Bivariate Correlation:
rape rates and predictor variables
•Male Lit (U) and Female Literacy (U) has
significant effect on reduction of rape
incidents
•Correlation does not take independent
effect of predictors
• However literacy is the key indicator. It
may be proxy for development
•Further research: more predictors, and
application of regression analysis
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Fresh Look at the Rape Challenge
•Multidisciplinary perspective besides law
and enforcement both for analysis and
solution
•Sociological, Cultural, Psychological,
Religious and more aspects
•Merging of tools of disciplines
•Deep insight into the problem fundamentals
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Social Change
•Mahatma Gandhi: “… our innermost prayer should
be a Hindu should be a better Hindu, a Muslim a
better Muslim, a Christian a better Christian” puts the
religions in the right perspective in building
character.
•Elie Wiesel “There may be times when we are
powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never
be a time when we fail to protest” helps in gaining
inner strength with desirable action even in extreme
conditions.
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Conclusion
•Laws are necessary but not sufficient to
contain crime including rape
•High character and moral strength would
make the human society courageous and
free from ills including rape
•Less laws would be necessary
ECE
8443
– Pattern
Recognition
AILC
2013:
The Dynamics
of Rape in Modern Indian Society
Please feel free to email me at:
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