Transcript CONTENT-PATTERN OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS FROM 1996-2005 AD Presented By: Olufemi BOLARIN Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Faculty of Agriculture University of Ilorin Nigeria Presented By.

CONTENT-PATTERN OF
AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION
PUBLISHED IN NIGERIAN
NEWSPAPERS FROM 1996-2005 AD
Presented By:
Olufemi BOLARIN
Department of Agricultural
Extension and Rural Development
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Ilorin
Nigeria
Presented By Olufemi Bolarin
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BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
• Access to information is one of the
most critical resources in Agricultural
production.
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• Access to agricultural information by
farmers and increase in agricultural
production, as well as economic
development, are inextricably interrelated
with the information from researchers
serving as impetus for increased
agricultural productivity.
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• Food and Agricultural Organization has
proposed a concerted action to raise
agricultural productivity by the use of
effective dissemination of agricultural
information using the press or else food
insecurity problem will go on unabated.
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• The Nigerian press has the social
responsibility of passing information to
the entire populace, on agricultural
innovation and agricultural information
generally. This social responsibility
becomes imperative especially with its
claim as the vanguard of the people for
sustainable development.
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• News papers, in addition to their
roles of informing, educating and
entertaining the society, also serve
as purveyors of change, watchdogs
and custodians of the people’s
interest.
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•
The effort of the press in carrying
agricultural news to the entire populace
becomes important because of the role
food plays in the national polity and
survival. Implementation of major
agricultural reforms also can only reach
the teeming masses through the press.
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• Williams (1978) and Aubrac (1977)
argued that ineffective use of
mass media by the extension
delivery system has been
responsible for the paucity of
information on agricultural
practices.
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• Newspaper a product of the
press as:
–“Collective Propagandist”
–“Collective Agitator”
–“Collective Organizer”
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• Newspaper has been referred to
as
–“ A gate keeper of information”
–“An advocate”
–“Purveyors of information”
–“Vehicle for change”
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• Since extension agent are change
agents and Newspaper are vehicle
of change thus Newspapers
become vital in the social change
process most especially among the
farmers.
• Newspaper are meant to be
extension counterpart.
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• Potentials of Newspaper
Create awareness.
Present Pros and Cons of issue.
Serve as resource material.
Prepare reader for social change by
publishing articles that serve the
needs of the society.
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–Preservation potential where
“content erosion” is minimal.
–Presentation of Agricultural
variables and attribute.
–Agricultural issues, reported in
newspapers have the potential of
reaching at least 10 million people
per day in Nigeria.
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Peculiar Qualities of Newspaper
–Can be stored and repeatedly referred to
when necessary.
–Can be used for announcing different events
and meetings that are important to the
farmers.
–Can be used to raise level of awareness of
farmers and their interest.
–Can serve as resources material to
extension personnel and farmers.
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–Excellent expository resource material from
where farmer can gain insight into
agricultural research findings.
–Can present timely information on crop and
livestock operations.
–Featuring success stories.
–Surveying the effect of new improved farm
practices.
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THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
The simmering crisis in Nigeria Agriculture
involves dissemination of timely and relevant
farm information to the farmers.
Also inadequate transmission of research
findings to farmers has been laid at the feet of
extensions.
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Therefore extensionist needs
to look forwards the
technological media in solving
this problem of information
dissemination by the use of
newspapers.
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Thus the study is set to
ascertain the extent of
focus or perceived
attention paid to
agriculture by Nigerian
newspapers.
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• What are the content-pattern of
Agricultural Information published in
selected Nigerian newspapers?
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MAIN OBJECTIVE
• The main objective of the study is to content
analyze selected newspapers publication on
agricultural issues between 1996 and 2005.
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
• To examine the content –pattern of
agricultural information published by the
selected Nigerian newspapers.
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Research Hypotheses
• Ho:
There is no significant difference in
the extent of coverage of different areas of
agriculture by the selected Nigerian
newspapers
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• Effective agricultural information will assist in
boosting farmer capacity to increase their
agricultural productivity.
• In addition, the “Watchdog” function of the
press could be brought to bear on the
coverage of agricultural issues to make
government accord the desired priority to
agriculture.
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• Thus findings from this study will focus on
generating information that will be useful to the
newspaper proprietors,
• The study hopes to sensitize policy makers on the
need for partnership between extension and
newspapers.
• It will also trigger off serious attention to the social
responsibility of the newspaper.
• The work hopes to help bring to the forefront of
media research concern for agricultural information
dissemination as the bane for improvement in
agricultural productivity.
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• The study will advance public understanding of
agricultural issues by improving the quality,
accuracy and visibility of agricultural information
reportage in Nigeria.
• The study in addition will shed light on which area
of agriculture is a priority and interest to the
newspapers publishers.
• Finally, the study will contribute to existing
empirical data on strategy formulation and design
of relevant interventions in agriculture to enhance
farmers education in terms of knowledge and skills.
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Scope of the Study
•
The study is restricted to the selected
newspapers, specifically, the nationally
circulated newspapers. Two governments
owned (The Daily Times and New Nigeria and
two privately owned newspapers The Punch
and Nigerian Tribune) are utilized.
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Limitation of the Study
• Was the dearth of adequately stocked library of
past newspapers spanning a decade, without
omission.
• The factor of breaks in the publication of two
privately-owned newspapers Nigerian Tribune
and The Punch newspaper, which were sealed
off by the then Military Government for a
period of time.
• Was poor serials of newspaper acquisition by
Nigerian Libraries.
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Medial Pluralism
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Channel
AGRICULTURAL
ISSUE
New
Source
spaper
Publish
er
Radi
o
Tele
vision
OFFICIAL
OFFICIAL
AFAN member
Receiver
Farmer l
Public
Media Extension
Traditional Media International
agent
organization
Drums, dance music
 Government official &
Large
others
numbers of
Government media
Private Theatre songs,
Nigeria
Daily Times
Various
Stories sculpture
Tribune
type
New NigeriaContent manifest
Various
The punch NONownership
(Newspaper)
Newspaper
- Official Proceeding
- Leaks
- Official Conferences
(Study Objective)
informal sources
- Briefings
Prominenc
Usage
e
Challenges
- National Council & state Media
- Proceeding from farmer
to usage
Adapted from Theory of Nigerian
Press and D.K Berlo Communication Model
source
(Content
Analysis)–
on agriculture briefing
association (Cross Sectional Survey)
Content
pattern
- Central Bank Food
- Young
Depth
farmers group on food
Trending
Pattern
Security conferences
production
- Federal, State & LGA
(Research Instrument)
- Interviews
with Scientist
Department of Agriculture
Briefings
media report
- Expert Opinion
- Previous
- NGOs report
- CBOs report
Presented By Olufemi Bolarin
- Members of public
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METHODOLOGY
• Study is based on the crucial role of newspaper social
responsibility in the social construction of agricultural news.
Using the content analysis approach.
• Study area.
• Nigeria with a population of about 140million people whereby
60% population are engaged in agriculture with a huge market for
agricultural information.
• Study population
All the one hundred and three(133) newspapers published in
Nigeria.
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Sampling Procedure
• A multi level random sampling process was adopted.
• First level
– Selection of government-owned newspaper and privatelyowned newspaper
• Second level
– Selection of two government owned newspaper and two
privately owned newspaper with national spread in term of
circulation and coverage.
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Research Techniques
• Exploratory opinion survey method
• Categorization of manifest content of
newspaper publication on agriculture
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SAMPLE SIZE
• Content Analysis
• Sample Universe
• Expectedly a total number of (14,622)
newspaper editions were available to the
researcher.
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CONTENT ANALYSIS SAMPLE SIZE
• Three newspaper edition per week for fifty-two (52) week in
a year.
• 3x52edition=156editions
• For a decade=1,560editions per newspaper
• For the four(4)newspapers=(156 newspapers x 10years x
4editions)=6,240editions.
• Due to attrition
• Inability to documentary
• Failure of supply channel due to mechanical or human fault.
• Lack of some publications only four thousand nine hundred
and nine(4,409) editions could be examined.
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NEWSPAPERS
SAMPLE SIZE
PERCENTAGE %
PUNCH
1,359
87.1
TRIBUNE
1,320
84.6
DAILY TIMES
1,033
66.2
NEW NIGERIA
1,197
76.76
TOTAL
4,909
100.00
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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
• Content analysis using the content analysis coding sheet.
• Definition and categorization of study universe using (Holsti
1969, Berlinger !986, Soetan 1999, Shitton and Shelly 2001
models).
• Identification of unit of analysis using (Holsti 1969, Berlinger
1986 and Soetan 1999 method of analysis) newspaper publication
of Prominence, Source Form and Depth [ProSoForDep model].
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Result and Discussions
TABLE .1
Newspaper Publications
Newspaper Editions
Frequency
Percentage
Editions with no AgriculturalRelated stories
3076
62.7
Editions with
related stories
1833
37.3
4909
100
Total
Agricultural-
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TABLE.2 Comparative analysis of word usage and
report size among the four newspapers based on the
ownership structure.
Newspaper
The Nigeria Tribune
The Punch
The New Nigeria
The Daily Time
Mean Number of
Words used
104.17  7.3747c
93.90
 4.7541d
192.30  11.6630a
150.4  10.5112b
Presented By Olufemi Bolarin
Mean report size in
(Cubic cm)
41.1
7.9
9.5
8.6




3.6443a
9.904d
.4630b
. 8635c
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TABLE.3 Distribution of the Newspapers Articles Based on the Area of
Focus
Area of Agriculture
Government owned
Privately owned
Agricultural
Mechanization
Agriculture related
cartoon
Fisheries
Crop production
Agricultural finance
& credit
Farm Management
Agricultural
Development
&
Policy
Livestock
Resources
Sustainable
Ecosystem
Training and Visit
New
Nigeria
Daily
Time
Total
Ranking
Nigerian
Tribune
The
Punch
Total
64
26
90
5th
51
32
83
5th
1
1
02
9th
17
3
20
7th
28
79
111
9
68
51
47
147
162
6th
3rd
2nd
06
79
30
28
82
67
34
161
97
6th
2nd
4th
08
08
16
8th
09
07
16
8th
241
133
374
1st
97
181
278
1st
70
49
119
4th
32
94
126
3rd
15
6
21
7th
09
03
12
9th
Presented By Olufemi Bolarin
Ranking
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TABLE.4 Chi-square Test on Content-pattern of
Selected Newspapers Publication on Agriculture
Pearson
No. of Valid
Case
Computed
Value
138.07
D.f
27
Level of
Significance
0.05
1833
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Major Findings and Discussions
• Comparative analysis of the mean number of words
usage and mean report size in cubic cm. using ANOVA
and Duncan Multiple range test gives F=26.028 @
0.000 with the f=93.90 for The Punch, f=104.17 for
Nigerian Tribune incidentally both are privately-owned
newspapers. The two government-owned newspapers
had greater f-value of The Daily Times with f
=150.4079 and sthat had f = 192.3054. This is
indicative of a strong disparity in the number of words
used in reporting agricultural issues and space allotted
to the news items.
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Content Pattern
•
Newspaper report on agricultural issues in the
study were found to be skewed towards Agricultural
Development and Policy issues which constitute
about 35.6 percent of total reportage of the
agricultural related information.
Test statistics revealed a significant difference in the
content pattern of agricultural information
published by the selected newspapers, (x2 = 138.07;
p=<0.001). Emphases on food production are more
prominent in privately owned newspapers than in
the government owned.
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CONCLUSION
• This study is based on the fact that
responsiveness of newspaper publications to
farmers’ need is very essential. Such as
information on critical farm inputs and
sources of credit will improve readership
structure of newspapers and boost
agricultural productivity.
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CONCLUSION
• The study concluded that newspapers are not
playing the expected leading role in
agricultural information dissemination as
obtained in other countries of the world like
the World-top-ten/countries – with – highest
newspapers circulation namely: China, Japan,
USA, India, Germany, UK, France, Russia, Brazil
and Italy.
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RECOMMENDATION
• As a mater of National policy, the Federal
Government should compel all National
Newspapers to include a column for
Agricultural news in every publication.
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THANKS FOR GOOD
LISTENING.
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