Transcript Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Module 4 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Circulatory System Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding  Circulatory System  The blood circulatory system consists of:  The heart, which.

Circulatory Problems,
Wounds and Bleeding
Module 4
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Circulatory System
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Circulatory System
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The blood circulatory system consists of:
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The heart, which acts as a pump
The blood vessels through which the blood circulates.
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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How The Heart Works?
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The cardiovascular system, composed of the
heart and blood vessels, is responsible for
circulating blood throughout your body to supply
the body with oxygen and nutrients.
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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The heart is the muscle that pumps blood filled with
oxygen and nutrients through the blood vessels to
the body tissues. It is made up of:
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Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) that receive
blood from the body and pump out blood to it.
 The atria receive blood coming back to the heart.
 The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.
Blood vessels, which compose a network of arteries, and
veins that carry blood throughout the body.
 Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body tissues.
 Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Four valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Each valve
has flaps that allow the forward flow of blood and prevent
the backward flow.
An electrical system of the heart controls how fast it beats.
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Types of Blood Vessels and It’s Functions
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Artery – transport oxygenated blood from the
heart.
Vein – transport deoxygenated blood from the
tissue to the heart.
Capillary – enable the exchange of molecules
between blood and interstitial fluid
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Pattern of Blood Flow in bleeding.
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Artery
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Vein
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blood flow describe as a fast moving stream.
dark red in colour.
Capillary
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blood spurt out under pressure.
bright red in colour,
blood oozes out
Circulatory Problems
What is Heart Attack?
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Cause by reduction of blood supply to the heart.
When heart cells are deprived of oxygen and
blood, they begin to die, affecting the ability of
the heart to pump.
Reduction of blood supply caused by blockages
due to dislodged blood clots and narrowing of
blood vessels due to fat deposits ( too much
cholesterol in the bloodstream )
When the narrowed artery becomes completely
blocked by a blood clot, a heart attack can occur.
Circulatory Problems
Heart Attack
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Circulatory Problems
Heart Attack
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Causes and Risk Factor
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high blood pressure
diabetes
high cholesterol
lack of exercise
obesity
smoking
Genetic factor
Circulatory Problems
Heart Attack
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Signs and Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
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Circulatory Problems
Heart Attack
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First Aid Treatment
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Position – half sitting position
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Call for ambulance
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Reassure the casualty
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Monitor pulse, respiration, and level of
responsiveness
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Remain with the casualty until help arrives.
Circulatory Problems
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Shock
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Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs
when the body is not getting enough blood flow.
This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires
IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse
very rapidly
Circulatory Problems
Shock
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Causes
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Heart attack
Severe blood loss (more than 2 litres)
Serous discharge from burns
Diarrhoea and vomiting (dehydration)
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Allergic reactions
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Low blood sugar
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Hypothermia
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Drug overdose
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Spinal Cord injury
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Circulatory Problems
Shock
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Signs and Symptoms
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Face pale
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Pulse rapid and weak
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Skin cold and clammy
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Sweating
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Air hunger
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Weakness and dizziness
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Unconscious
Circulatory Problems
Shock
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First aid treatment of shock
Elevate Legs
(see next slide)
Loosen constrictive clothing
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Circulatory Problems
Shock
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Precaution
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Do not allow casualty to eat, drink, smoke or move
unnecessarily.
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Be with the casualty
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Do not try to warm the casualty with a hot water bottle
or any direct source of heat.
(instructor to demonstrate treatment of shock
One participant to simulate as casualty)
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Circulatory Problems
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Allergy
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An abnormally high sensitivity to certain
substances such as pollens, foods or microorganisms
Circulatory Problems
Allergy
Signs and Symptoms
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Sneezing
Running nose
Itching
Skin rashes
Swellings
Wheezing
Breathing difficulty
Circulatory Problems
Allergy
Treatment
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Ask casualty whether he suffers from an allergy
Assist casualty to take any medication that he
has e.g. ventolin inhaler for asthmatics.
Seek medical attention.
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Classification
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Incised wound
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Caused by sharp object
Clean cut
Tendons, nerves and arteries damage.
Bleeding may be profuse
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Laceration wound
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Cause by barb wires and claws of animals
Crushing or ripping force
More tissue damage
Less profuse bleeding
Wound dirty, risk of
infection.
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Abrasion ( grazing ) wound
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Cause by sliding fall or friction
Top most layer of skin affected
Raw area exposed.
Embedded foreign particles.
Infection likely
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Puncture wound
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Stab wound
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Cause by elongated object.
Small entry site
Cause by long bladed instrument.
Penetrating ability result in organ damage.
Life threatening internal bleeding.
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Gunshot wound
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Cause by bullet or missile
Serious internal injury
Entry wound small, exit wound big.
Circulatory Problems
Wounds
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Contusion ( bruise or haematoma ) wound
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Cause by blunt blow or punch
Capillaries bleed beneath the skin
Blood oozes when skin breaks.
Circulatory Problems
Bleeding
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Objectives
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To control bleeding
To prevent and lessen the effects of shock
Minimise infection
Urgent removal to hospital in severe bleeding
injury
Circulatory Problems
Bleeding
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Types of Bleeding
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Signs and Symptoms of internal bleeding
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External bleeding
Internal bleeding
Face pale
Cold, Clammy skin.
Rapid, weak pulse.
Pain.
Thirst.
Circulatory Problems
Bleeding
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Possible signs of internal bleeding
Site
Mouth
Mouth
Ear
Ear
Nose
Nose
Anus
Anus
Urethra
Vagina
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Appearance of blood
Bright red, frothy, coughed
up blood
Vomited blood, red or dark
reddish brown.
Fresh, bright red blood
Thin, watery blood
Fresh, bright red blood
Thin, watery blood
Fresh, bright red blood
Black, tarry, offensive
smelling stool
Urine with a red or smoky
appearance and
occasionally containing clots
Either fresh or dark blood
Cause of blood loss
Bleeding in the lungs
Bleeding in the digestive system
Injury to the inner or outer ear. Perforated ear drum.
Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injury
Ruptured blood vessel in the nostril
Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injury
Piles, Injury to the anus or lower intestine.
Disease or injury to the intestine
Bleeding from the bladder, kidneys, or urethra.
Menstruation. Miscarriage. Pregnancy or recent
childbirth, Disease or injury to the vagina or uterus
Circulatory Problems
Bleeding
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Treatment
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Direct pressure application
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Elevate the affected part
Position casualty flat on the floor
Transport casualty with armsling
Monitor pulse, respiration and level of response.
Check circulation at finger
Circulatory Problems
Bleeding
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Precaution
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Embedded object in wound.
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Control bleeding without pressing the object into the
wound.
Pressure applied on both sides of the wound.
Precaution
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Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke.
Tourniquet is the last resort for severe bleeding
Do not remove the foreign object
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Impalement
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Precaution (impalement)
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Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke.
Amputation
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Do not remove casualty from impaled object.
Removal can worsen condition.
Notify relevant agency to remove impalement.
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Partial or complete severance of limb
Send severed limb and casualty to hospital.
Check for shock and treat accordingly.
Circulatory Problems
Amputation
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Care of amputated part
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Prevent deterioration of affected part
Do not wash the severed part
Severed parts should not be in direct contact with
ice.
Wrap or place amputated part in plastic bag or
wrapper.
Wrap package in gauze or soft fabric.
Place it in a container of crushed ice.
Mark container with time of injury and casualty’s
name.
Circulatory Problems, Wounds
and Bleeding
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Cuts
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Foreign Object in a cut
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Wash cuts under running water or use alcohol
free wipes.
Dry wound.
Apply cover.
Wash off
Remove with tweezers
Cover cut
Circulatory Problems
Eye Wound
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Signs and symptoms
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Treatment
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Pain and spasm of eyelids.
Bloodshot apperarnce
Partial or total loss of vision.
Leakage of blood or clear fluid from a wound.
Pad and bandage.
Circulatory Problems
Ear Bleed
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Cause
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Signs and symptoms
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Impact to the side of the head
Poked by foreign object
Explosion
Sharp pain
Ear ache
Deafness
Watery blood
Circulatory Problems
Ear Bleed
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Precaution
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Treatment
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Watery blood indicates a skull fracture
Leakage from around the brain
Do not tilt the casualty’s head.
Half sitting position
Head tilted to the injured side to allow discharge
Apply pad lightly to the ear.
Circulatory Problems
Nose Bleed
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Cause
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Precaution
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Blow to the nose
Sneezing
Picking
Blowing the nose
Watery blood discharge indicates skull fracture.
Brain fluid leak into the nose
Circulatory Problems
Nose Bleed
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Treatment
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Sit the casualty with head to lean slightly forward
Pinch soft part of nose for 10 minutes
Repeat pinching if necessary
Do not speak, swallow, cough,
spit, or sniff during treatment.
After treatment do not blow the nose.
(instructor to demonstrate blood stoppage and participant to
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Precaution
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If nose bleed persists or is severe, seek medical
attention
Circulatory Problems
Abdominal Wound
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Cause
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Stabbing
Gunshot
Severe blow to abdomen
Circulatory Problems
Abdominal Wound
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Treatment
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Position casualty flat on floor.
Apply dressing over the abdomen.
Monitor pulse, respiration, response level
Treat for shock if
present
Circulatory Problems
Abdominal Wound
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Precaution
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If casualty become unconscious, open the airway.
When casualty cough, press firmly to prevent
stomach organs coming out through wound.
Do not touch protruding intestine,
Cover with clean plastic bag
or kitchen film to prevent drying.
Alternatively use a sterile
dressing.
Circulatory Problems
Fish Hook Injury
Fishing accident
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Symptoms
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Objective
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Pain
Localised swelling
Bleeding
Prevent the hook from penetrating deeper.
Circulatory Problems
Fish Hook Injury
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Treatment
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Bleeding - Apply direct pressure on both side of the
exposed hook.
Three methods to prevent hook from penetrating deeper.
Place two gauze pads or similar material on either side of
the exposed hook.
Ensure gauze pads are level with the top of the hook
Bandage lightly over the pads and the hook.
Circulatory Problems
Fish Hook Injury
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Treatment
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Place hollow device like an inverted cup over the
hook and bandage the cup to secure.
Create “doughnut” from bandage and place
hollow part over the hook. Bandage to secure the
doughnut in place.
Eye injury apply eye pad.
Seek medical help.
Circulatory Problems
Fish Hook Injury
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Precaution
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Do not remove a fish hook on your own as it may
cause more injury due to presence of barbs in the
hook..
The End
Module 4
Circulatory Problems,
Wounds and Bleeding
For training purpose only
Not for sale
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