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 Even though basic parts are the same,
design differences can change the way
engines operate and how they are
repaired
 For this reason, you must be able to
classify engines
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Common Engine
Classifications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Cylinder arrangement
Number of cylinders
Cooling system type
Valve location
Camshaft location
Type of fuel burned
Type of aspiration
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Cylinder Arrangement
 Refers to the position of the cylinders in
relation to the crankshaft
 There are five basic cylinder
arrangements:
 inline
 V-type
 slant
 W-type
 opposed
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Cylinder Arrangement
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Number of Cylinders
 Most car and truck engines have either
4, 6, or 8 cylinders
 Some may have 3, 5, 10, 12, or 16
cylinders
 Engine power and smoothness are
enhanced by using more cylinders
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Cooling System Type
 There are two types of cooling
systems:
 Liquid cooling system
 surrounds the cylinder with coolant
 coolant carries combustion heat out of
the cylinder head and engine block
 Air cooling system
 circulates air over cooling fins on the
cylinders
 air removes heat from the cylinders
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Cooling System Type
A. Air cooling
B. Liquid cooling
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Fuel Type
 Engines are classified by the type of
fuel used:
 Gasoline
 Diesel
 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
 gasohol (10% alcohol, 90% gasoline),
and pure alcohol may also be used
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Valve Location
 Engines are classified by the location of
the valves:
 L-head engine
 also called a flat head engine
 I-head engine
 also called an overhead valve (OHV)
engine
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L-Head
Engine
Both the intake and
exhaust valves are in
the block
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I-Head
Engine
Both valves are in the
cylinder head
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Camshaft Location
 There are two basic locations for the
engine camshaft:
 Camshaft located in the block
 cam-in-block engine
 Camshaft located in the cylinder head
 overhead cam (OHC) engine
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Cam-in-Block Engine
 Uses push rods
to transfer motion
to the rocker
arms and valves
 Also called an
overhead valve
(OHV) engine
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Overhead
Cam
Engine
Camshaft is located in
the top of the cylinder
head
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Overhead Cam Engine
 Single overhead cam
(SOHC) engine
 uses only one camshaft
per cylinder head
 Dual overhead cam
(DOHC) engine
Animation Link
 uses two camshafts per
cylinder head
 One operates the intake
valves, while the other
operates the exhaust
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Type of Aspiration
 Supercharger –
Pump driven by
crankshaft forces air
into engine.
 Turbocharger –
Pump driven by
exhaust gases forces
air into engine.
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 Vehicles generally use internal
combustion, 4-stroke cycle,
reciprocating piston engines
 Alternative engines include all other
engine types that may be used to
power a vehicle
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Rotary Engine
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Rotary Engine
Operation
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Steam Engine
Used on some of the first automobiles
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Gas Turbine
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Horizontally Opposed
Provides the lowest center of gravity
of any piston engine
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Overhead Cam V-8
Features four chain-driven camshafts
and 32 valves
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Inline SOHC
This 16-valve, four-cylinder engine has a
belt-driven camshaft and a balance shaft
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Fuel-Injected V-8
This engine uses many aluminum parts
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DOHC V-6
Each cylinder head contains two camshafts
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V-8 Engine
Note the reciprocating assembly
and the valve train
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Inline Diesel
Six-cylinder engine with a rear drive belt
for the injection pump
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V-12 Engine
Two roller chains
drive the overhead
camshafts
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The End
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