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The Korean Approach to
Validation for
Lifelong Learning
Kim Shinil
Baekseok University, Korea
Higher Education in Korea
Population 48 million (North Korea, 25mil.)
Institutions 432 (Univ. 189, more than 2/3 is
private).
Students 3,728,802 (Univ. 2,108,958), mostly
young and full time.
Students bear major part of the expenses.
Enrolment rate 76%
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Higher Education
in learning society
- Tertiary Education
attainment (35-64 age
group) is 26%.
- High aspiration for BA
degree in learning society.
- HEI is already packed
with young students.
- Korea has to deal with
the situation with bold
measures.
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VPL in the situation
HEI
Schooling
Society
VPL
VPL
Lifelong
Learning
Learning
Society
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European vs. Korean
Utilizing VPL within Higher Education Context
Korea: Providing direct
opportunity to obtain
college degree
European countries:
Assisting admission to HEI
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Early VPL Policy in Korea
Bachelor’s Degree Examination for Self-
Education (BDES)
Since 1990
BA degree through examination only
Academic Credit Bank System (ACBS)
Since 1998
Obtaining Associate’s or BA degree
through validation of non-formal learning
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Early VPL Policy in Korea
BDES and ACBS
awarding higher education degrees to
non-students who are recognized as
reaching the same level of learning with
university students.
Degree awarding approach to VPL/RPL
Reflecting cultural and historical
background of Korea
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Old Korean Education System
Schools
National
Examination
Old Korean
Education
System
Lasted more than 10centuries
Public school system from the 7th century
basic schools
middle schools
higher education(the Royal College)
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National Examination
Since the year of 958.
Instrument of qualification for social status and
selecting government officials.
3 courses of Examination
Civil exam, Military exam, and Specialist exam.
Civil exam
The most prestigious one
3 stages: lower, upper, and the highest.
Specialist exam
medicine, foreign languages, accounting, astronomy.
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National Examination
Who applied : From the teens to the fifties.
Stages of examination in part connected
with public school levels.
However, more than half of all applicants during
the Choseon dynasty (1392-1910) took the
highest examination without attending the royal
college.
Most of them from high class family
Preparing the examination with personal tutor
or at the private tutoring classes.
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National Examination
Two characteristics
National examination in old Korea was open not
only to the graduates of school but also to
people without or unfinished schooling.
Examination functioned as a validation of
learning experiences outside of school and
university system.
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Modernization
Old Education System
Discontinued at the end of 19th century
Modern Education System
schooling-oriented
developed in Europe
However, the alternative track through
examinations has not disappeared until
today.
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BDES
Bachelor’s Degree Examination for
Self-Education
Since 1990 as an alternative track
Four stages of qualifying examination
general education
major basic
major advanced
comprehensive.
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BDES
Exemption of examination
For who learners who already achieved a
certain number of credits from university
or had certificates of concerned area.
About 14,000 persons have been awarded
bachelor degree since 1990.
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ACBS
Proposed as one of the President Commission
of Education Reform measures in 1996
Recognition of learning at non-formal
education programs for the higher education
degree
In 2013, about 50,000 learners are granted
Associate’s or BA degree for 109 study areas
About 70% of the registered learners are 30
years or older.
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ACBS
Validation of learning during the military service
Mandatory military service of young men for about
two years
An agreement between Ministers of the Education
and the Defense in 2007.
Recognition of learning from trainings and
educations during the military service as credits
Utilizing credits toward the higher education degree
through the academic credit bank system, or for
vocational qualifications and licenses.
About 310,000 soldiers obtained credits during the
years of 2007~2012.
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ACBS
Validation of learning from the National
Intangible Cultural Assets
Vanishing traditional arts and crafts in Korea
hardly respected by universities
Successors of the cultural assets
Validation toward the degree activated learning of
the vanishing skills
Validation is an powerful instrument for reviving
learning of a neglected culture.
ACBS explores new study areas that are not
properly recognized
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New Developments
Validation of Workplace learning are
expanded through revision of laws
Annually 80 marine engineers obtained
certificate by the recognition of field
experiences after revision of the act of marine
industry manpower in 2008.
The revised Qualification Act expanded
coverage of validation of vocational skill learning
at work.
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New Developments
Lifelong Learning-oriented University Project
Provide more programs for adult learners
Transform themselves into the lifelong learner-
friendly institutes
admission criteria and process
reorganization of department/faculty
curriculum and instructional methods
introducing new concept of teaching staff
validation of prior learning
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New Developments
Lifelong Learning Account System (LLAS)
Overarching management system of lifelong
learning society
Accumulation, assessment, validation and
recognition of each individual’s all kinds of
learning
Recommended by the President Commission of
Education Reform in 1995
Since 2010, about 5,000 learners are registered
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Challenges and Tasks
Professionals for non-formal and informal
learning – ‘Lifelong Education Specialist’
RVA as essential bridge connecting learning
and working
Diversification of learning for higher education
From education to learning
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Thank you
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