Transcript Review one
World War I, 1914–1920 World War I breaks out in Europe, the United States gets involved in the war, and President Wilson attempts to shape the peace. British soldier eating his dinner in the trenches during World War I. NEXT World War I, 1914–1920 SECTION 1 War Breaks Out in Europe SECTION 2 America Joins the Fight SECTION 3 Life on the Home Front SECTION 4 The Legacy of World War I NEXT Section 1 War Breaks Out in Europe After World War I breaks out, the United States eventually joins the Allied side. NEXT SECTION 1 War Breaks Out in Europe Causes of World War I • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand starts World War I • War has many underlying causes: - imperialism - nationalism - militarism—belief that nations need a large military force - alliances Image NEXT SECTION 1 continued Causes of World War I • European nations are divided into two opposing alliances: - Central Powers—Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria - Allies—Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, 7 other countries Interactive NEXT SECTION 1 Stalemate in the Trenches • German army invades Belgium, advances into France (1914) • French, British troops stop German advance, 1st Battle of the Marne • Fight for 3 years in trenches stretches across France, neither side wins • Trench warfare—troops fight in trenches, use artillery, machine guns • Area between opposing trenches called “no man’s land” • Battle of Somme, 1.2 million casualties, Allies gain about 7 miles Image NEXT SECTION 1 A War of New Technology • New technology raises death toll • Tanks, British invention, smashes barbed wire, crosses trenches • Machine guns fire 600 bullets a minute, poison gas burns, blinds • WWI 1st major conflict that uses fighter airplanes • U-boats—submarines used by Germans to block trade Image NEXT SECTION 1 America’s Path to War • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announces policy of neutrality • neutrality—refusing to take sides in a war • Britain sets up naval blockade of German ports • U-boat sinks British passenger ship Lusitania, kills 1,198 total, 128 Americans • Wilson demands that Germany stop unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany at first agrees, Wilson wins reelection • Germany resumes submarine warfare, January 1917 Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued America’s Path to War • British intercept Zimmermann telegram: - sent by German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann - proposes that Mexico join the Germans - Germany will help Mexico get back “lost” territories in U.S. • U.S. furious about telegram, U-boats sink 3 U.S. ships • President Wilson asks for declaration of war, Congress votes for war NEXT SECTION 1 Revolution in Russia • Russian army is outfought by smaller German army (1915) • Food shortages, inflation lead to strikes by angry Russian workers • Czar Nicholas II of Russia steps down (1917) • Communists led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow temporary government • Lenin makes peace with Germany (1918) • German troops turn from Russia to the Western front Image NEXT Section 2 America Joins the Fight U.S. forces help the Allies win World War I. NEXT SECTION 2 America Joins the Fight Raising an Army and a Navy • Congress passes Selective Service Act May 1917: - males, ages 21 to 30, sign up for military service - by 1918, 3 million men are drafted • Serve under General John J. Pershing as American Expeditionary Force • 50,000 U.S. women serve, mostly nurses, some do other work • 400,000 African Americans serve, face discrimination Image NEXT SECTION 2 American Ships Make a Difference • Convoy system—heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships • Reduces loss rate of U.S. supply ships from German U-boat attacks • North Sea minefield prevents U-boat access to North Atlantic NEXT SECTION 2 American Troops Enter the War • About 14,000 U.S. troops arrive in France (June 1917) • Germans launch offensive, smash through French lines (March 1918) • One million U.S. troops arrive ready for combat • Take Cantigny from Germans, help French troops stop German advance • Defeat Germans at Belleau Wood NEXT SECTION 2 Pushing the Germans Back • Second Battle of the Marne, turning point, Allies force Germans back • Meuse-Argonne offensive, final battle of war: - leaves 26,000 Americans dead - Germans retreat • U.S. soldier Alvin York kills 25, captures 132 German soldiers • U.S. pilot Eddie Rickenbacker shoots down 26 enemy planes • 4 African-American combat units receive recognition for battle valor Interactive NEXT SECTION 2 Germany Stops Fighting • Germany’s navy mutinies, its allies drop out, the Kaiser steps down • Germany agrees to armistice—an end to fighting (November 11, 1918) • 8.5 million soldiers die in war, 21 million are wounded • Millions of civilians die from starvation and disease during the war Chart NEXT Section 3 Life on the Home Front The war requires sacrifice for Americans at home and changes life in other ways. NEXT SECTION 3 Life on the Home Front Mobilizing for War • Americans buy war bonds, pay for two-thirds of war costs • War bonds—low interest loans by civilians to government • Patriotic citizens limit food intake, save gas, have scrap drives • Government limits civilian use of steel, other metals Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Mobilizing for War • President Wilson sets up War Industries Board: - buys, distributes war materials, sets production goals, sets prices • Committee on Public Information produces war propaganda • Propaganda—opinions that influence the actions of others NEXT SECTION 3 Intolerance and Suspicion • Patriotic propaganda wins war support, fuels prejudice • Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918), laws that: - set heavy fines, prison terms for doing antiwar activities - make it illegal to criticize war Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Intolerance and Suspicion • Schenk v. United States—upholds Espionage Act (1919) • Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. argues that: - free speech can be limited especially during wartime Image NEXT SECTION 3 New Jobs and the Great Migration • Northern factories hire workers they had once rejected • Many African Americans move North, jobs, better life—Great Migration • Mexican revolution causes many Mexicans to flee to American Southwest • Wartime labor shortage makes new jobs available for women • Women’s contributions during war help them win the vote Map NEXT SECTION 3 The Flu Epidemic of 1918 • Flu epidemic is spread by soldiers around the world (1918) • Kills more than 20 million people worldwide, takes 500,000 U.S. lives • In the army, more than one-quarter of soldiers catch the disease Image NEXT Section 4 The Legacy of World War I After the war, Americans are divided over foreign policy and domestic issues. NEXT SECTION 4 The Legacy of World War I Wilson’s Fourteen Points • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points, goals for peace: - smaller military forces - end to secret treaties - freedom of the seas - free trade - change in national boundaries - organization of a League of Nations • League of Nations—international group, settle conflicts by negotiation NEXT SECTION 4 Treaty of Versailles • Peace treaty ending World War I—Treaty of Versailles: - forces Germany to accept full blame for war - strips Germany of its colonies, most of its armed forces - burdens Germany with $33 billion in reparations • Reparations—money defeated nation pays for war destruction Chart Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles: - divides up Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire - creates Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, recognizes Poland’s independence - creates a League of Nations • Republican-run U.S. Senate against treaty, League • Wilson campaigns for treaty, U.S. does not ratify treaty, joins League Map Map NEXT SECTION 4 Strikes and the Red Scare • Shortly after war, U.S. has several labor strikes • Strikes spark fear of Communist revolution in the U.S.—Red Scare • Palmer raids—U.S. agents arrest at least 6,000 suspected radicals • Anarchists Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti arrested for killing 2 men • Sacco, Vanzetti claim innocence, found guilty, executed Image NEXT SECTION 4 Racial Tensions Increase • Great Migration brings half million African Americans, Northern cities • Whites, blacks compete for jobs, cause race riot in East St. Louis • African-American soldiers returning from war face discrimination • Black resentment about unfair conditions, race riots in 25 cities (1919) NEXT SECTION 4 Longing for “Normalcy” • Americans worn out by strikes, riots, Red Scare, World War I • Republican presidential candidate is Warren G. Harding • Promises a return to normalcy, wins a landslide victory NEXT This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. NEXT Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Print Text Version 1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open in Adobe Acrobat 2. On the File menu, select Print 3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or select the pages you want to print Print Text BACK