Transcript Chapter 14 PowerPoint

14
Image Display
Objectives
• Explain the appropriate use of still photos
in a video production.
• Understand how fps affects the television
image.
• Recall the guidelines for creating text to
display on a television screen.
• Summarize the application of aspect
ratio in creating the television image.
• Explain how contrast ratio affects
television graphics.
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Graphics
• Also known as visuals, any images created
on paper or canvas with ink or paint or any
other medium used by artist
• Artwork, paintings
• Any electronic text
• Charts, titles, graphs, sports scores and
statistics
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Copyright
• Graphics are copyrighted by creator
• If you did not take picture of image, you
must obtain permission to use it
• If you did not create graphic, you must
obtain permission to use it
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Still Photos
• Excessive use will make program a slide
show
• Instead, zoom in and “roam” camera over
photo, providing motion and interest to
shot
• Use horizontally-oriented photos rather
than vertically-oriented photos
• Avoid glossy prints to prevent reflections
into lens
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Still Photos (Cont.)
• Digital images can be manipulated by
computer programs such as Photoshop
• Film photos and slides may be recorded by
using:
• Telecine
• Film chain
• Film island
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Converting Motion Picture
Film to Digital Format
• Film scanner
• Digital intermediate
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Frame Rate Issues
• Film operates at 24 fps
• Each still frame flashed twice
• Black occurs between each flash
• Video operates at 30 fps
• Different frame rates may cause viewers to
see black bar moving slowly vertically on
screen
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Text
• Must be on screen long enough to be read
twice
• Must be legible 8–15 feet from screen
• No more than five words per line
• No more than five lines per page
• Exception: If words are revealed word-byword or line-by-line, maximums can be
increased
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Fonts
• Many computer fonts are inappropriate for
television
• Use simple and bold fonts
• Avoid flowery or fancy thin fonts
• Always check titles by viewing them on
typical television screen before
broadcasting them
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Aspect Ratio
• 4:3 and 16:9
• Viewers still watching television on analog
TVs via analog/digital convertor boxes have
4:3 screens
• Graphics must appear in their entirety on
4:3 screen
• In order to see all of motion picture on 4:3
screen, image must be letterboxed
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Letterbox
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Aspect Ratio (Cont.)
• 16:9—New standard for broadcast TV
• All new TVs are in 16:9 format
• All graphics made to fit on 4:3 screens will
display properly on 16:9 screens
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Aspect Ratio (Cont.)
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Essential Area
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Character Generator (CG)
• Creates text for video
•
•
•
•
Titles
Credits
Roll
Crawl
• Types of CGs: stand-alone units, built-in to
editors
• CG may refer to two things:
• Character generator
• Computer generated (as in special effects)
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Contrast Ratio
• Luminance vs. darkness of shot
• Contrast ratio will be limited to 40:1 as long
as some viewers are still using analog TVs
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Contrast Ratio (Cont.)
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Controlling Contrast Ratio
• Auto-iris mode on camera will automatically
adjust iris to provide best image
• If ratio is too big, blacks may be crushed and
whites may glow
• Manual iris will give camera operator more
control—but blacks may still crush and
whites may still glow
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Pop the Contrast Ratio
• Occurs when trying to shoot image with
contrast ratio greater than 40:1
• Zebra stripes
• Will appear in viewfinder warning of popped
contrast ratio
• Appear on hot, or bright, area
• Are not recorded; they are only seen in camera
viewfinder
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Solutions to Popped Contrast Ratio
• Remove item from set
• Zoom in on subject, reducing amount of
offensive material in shot
• Increase shutter speed
• Reduce amount of light on set/object
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Contrast Ratio and Graphics
• Always view graphics on monitor adjusted
to display black and white image
• Totally different colors may have identical
luminance and be invisible on black and
white screens
• Stay away from extreme contrast graphics,
i.e. black letters on white backgrounds or
vice versa
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Career Page
• Lower Third Digital Graphics
• Provides graphics support for television
stations
• http://lower3rd.com/
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Discussion
What is wrong with this graphic?
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Discussion
You are doing documentary on famous
artist whose specialty was painting pictures
of civil war battles. You have permission to
show photos of paintings. What can you do
to make still paintings more interesting to
viewers of your television program?
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Review Question
What are the two aspect ratios applicable to
television screens?
4:3 and 16:9
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Review Question
What is essential area of a graphic?
The area that must be seen on a television
set, regardless of aspect ratio.
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Review Question
How should still photos be used in a video
production?
Roam camera over photo while using
background music for effect.
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Review Question
What rules should be followed for displaying
text on video screen?
Text should remain on screen long enough
to be read twice; no more than five words
per line, five lines per page; use simple and
bold fonts.
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Review Question
What are the two ways to control movement
of the television contrast ratio scale?
Place the camera in auto-iris mode, which
will adjust the camera further up or down on
the contrast ratio scale. Place the camera in
manual-iris mode, overriding the setting and
forcing the camera to accept images higher
than 40:1.
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Review Question
What effect will the difference between the
motion picture frame rate and the television
frame rate have on a television?
It will cause the images on the television to
flicker or roll when seen in a movie.
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Glossary
• aspect ratio: The relationship of the
width of the television screen to the
height of the television screen, as in 4:3
(four by three) or 16:9 (sixteen by
nine).
• character generator (CG): A device
that creates (generates) letters
(characters), primarily for titles.
• contrast ratio: The relationship
between the brightest object and the
darkest object in the television picture.
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Glossary
• crawl: Words that appear either at the
top or the bottom of the screen and
move from the right edge of the screen
to the left, without interrupting the
program in progress.
• credits: The written material presented
before and after programs, listing the
names and job titles of the people
involved in the program’s production.
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Glossary
• digital intermediate: A high quality
digital version of a motion picture
created by digitally scanning motion
picture film.
• essential area: The area of an image or
shot that must be seen on any television
set, regardless of aspect ratio or age,
and must include all the words in a
graphic.
• film scanner: A digital device designed
to copy/scan motion picture film.
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Glossary
• fps: The rate at which individual pictures
are displayed in a motion picture and on
television, expressed as frames per
second.
• graphics: All of the “artwork” seen in a
program, including the paintings that
hang on the walls of a set, the opening
and closing program titles, computer
graphics, charts, graphs, and any other
electronic representation that may be
part of a visual presentation.
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Glossary
• hot: A term used to describe an image
or shot that is very bright.
• luminance: A measure of the
brightness or lightness of a video image.
• pop the contrast ratio: When the
brightness or darkness of objects in a
shot exceeds the contrast ratio
limitations of video.
• roll: Titles in a program that move up
the screen.
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Glossary
• telecine: A device that facilitates the
transfer of film images onto videotape.
Telecines are used, for example, to
transfer theatrical motion pictures to
DVDs for purchase or rental. Also called
a film chain or film island.
• titles: The letters and characters
generated by a CG that are displayed
on-screen.
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