Transcript Unit 43 — Wall Framing

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Unit 43
Wall Framing
Wood-framed Wall Components •
Constructing Wood-framed Walls •
Sheathing Exterior Walls • Weather
Barriers • Rainscreen Walls •
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) •
Shear Walls
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wood-framed wall components include studs, plates,
headers, trimmer studs, sills, cripple studs, and
corner posts. Exterior walls are commonly covered
with structural panels such as oriented strand board
or plywood.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Corner posts are constructed
wherever a wall ties into another
wall. Straight studs are used to
frame corner posts. When an
inside corner is constructed using
a block laid flat, a carpenter must
insulate the U-shaped cavity
before exterior wall sheathing is
applied. When metal clips are
used, the wall cavity can be
insulated after exterior wall
sheathing is applied
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Rough door and window
openings must allow for
the finish frame and a
required clearance
around the frame.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Various methods are
used to construct door
and window headers.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Header size is determined by the width of the
opening and load bearing down from above. For
example, a 4 × 6 Douglas fir header can be used for
an opening up to 6′-0″ wide.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A 12″ wide solid header can
be used to accommodate a
6′-8″ door in an 8′-1″
standard-height wall.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
When a header less
than 12″ wide is
installed, cripple studs
are installed between
the top of the header
and top plate.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Corner braces may need
to be installed in rough
openings for installation
of oval or round windows.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
T-shaped metal braces fit
into saw kerfs in the studs.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Fireblocking is required in concealed spaces to cut off
vertical and horizontal draft openings and to form a
barrier between stories.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Fireblocking caulk is
applied to joints or
openings in walls or
structural members to
inhibit the spread of fire,
smoke, and fumes.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wood-framed walls
may be assembled
while they are lying
on the subfloor.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Lines are snapped to
indicate the exact
locations of walls, and
top and bottom plates
are cut to length and
tacked next to the
chalk lines.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The top and bottom
plates are tacked next
to the snapped chalk
lines before laying out
the wall components.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Framing members
are nailed where the
plates are marked.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Stud-and-block corner posts are constructed with fulllength studs and blocks.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
If the first stud of an exterior wall is placed 15 1/4″
from the corner and other studs follow 16″ OC layout,
the edges of standard-size panels will fall over the
stud centers.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
When the second exterior
wall is laid out, the 15 1/4″
mark is measured from
the outside edge of the
panel on the first wall.
The corner of the first
panel on the second
exterior wall will align with
the edge of the first wall
panel. The opposite edge
of the panel will fall on the
center of a stud.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
On partitions, the 15 1/4″
measurement ensures that
standard-size gypsum board
or interior finish panels will fall
over the center of a stud.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The finish door opening is
the width of the door and the
distance from the head jamb
to the floor. The rough door
opening is the distance
between the trimmer studs
and the height from the floor
to the header.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The finish window
opening width and length
is the frame-to-frame
dimension. The rough
window opening is the
distance between the
trimmer studs and the
height from the rough sill
to the header.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
When laying out the width of a door or window rough
opening at the corners of intersecting walls, allowances
must be made along the corner assembly for the
trimmer stud, side jamb thickness, and shim clearance.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
When laying out the
width of a door or
window rough
opening, the center of
the opening is first laid
out. One-half of the
rough opening width,
side jamb thickness,
and shim clearance is
laid out on each side
of the centerline.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Floor plans provide information to properly lay out
walls. Information on this floor plan is used in the
layout calculations for Figures 43-25 through 43-28.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wall plate locations
are laid out and chalk
lines are snapped.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Outside and inside corner posts are laid out and
studs are laid out 16″ OC.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Studs are commonly
laid out 16″ OC.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Rough door and window
openings are located
and stud, trimmer stud,
and cripple stud
locations are marked.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Rough door and
window opening
dimensions may be
obtained from the door
and window schedules
on the prints.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A story pole is marked to
indicate the lengths of
studs, trimmer studs, and
cripple studs. The example
shown here is based on
information in Figure 43-29.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Some prints provide
only finish opening
dimensions.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The story pole being laid out
here is based on information
found in Figure 43-31.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A bench is useful for
making up large
quantities of corner
posts. The material
should be held tightly
against the fence and
end block when pieces
are nailed together.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Outside and inside
corner posts are
commonly assembled
prior to wood-framed
walls being assembled.
Before nailing, align the
ends of the studs.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Door openings are assembled
before assembling the rest of the
wall. In this example, cripple studs
are required over the header.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The procedure for framing
window openings is the
same as framing door
openings. A rough sill and
bottom cripple studs are
then added. Cripple studs
follow the stud layout
(usually 16″ OC).
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A wood-framed wall
is nailed together
on the subfloor
after corner posts
and door and
window openings
are completed.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Joints in plates should occur
over a full header or at the
center of a stud or cripple stud.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The topmost plates of a double
top plate overlap the plates
below them at all inside corners.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A framed wall is often squared while it is lying on the
subfloor. Temporary braces must be attached to keep
the wall square while it is being raised. Wall sheathing
may also be applied while the wall is lying on the
subfloor to keep the wall square when raising it.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Diagonal metal braces
may be used to
provide additional wall
stability. A shallow
kerf is required for Tand L-shaped braces.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wall plates and studs
are notched for wood
let-in braces. The
braces are tacked in
place when the wall
section is lying on the
subfloor. After the wall
is raised and the brace
adjusted to its final
position, the nails are
driven in.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wall jacks can be
used to raise walls
when small carpentry
crews are working on
a job site.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A plate level is used to
plumb a wall corner.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
After the corners are
plumbed, the tops of the
walls are straightened using
a line and 3/4″ blocks.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Powder-actuated
fasteners are often
used to fasten
bottom plates to
concrete slabs.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Metal framing
angles attach wall
studs to plates and
concrete slabs.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Stud plate ties secure wall studs to plates.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Seismic or hurricane ties are
required in areas that experience
earthquakes and high winds.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Wall sheathing panels
can be placed with the
grain running vertically
or horizontally.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
After placing wall
sheathing panels
and securing them
at the corners,
snap vertical chalk
lines locating the
intermediate studs
before installing
nails or screws.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Weather barriers, such as
housewrap, prevent water
and air penetration into a
building while allowing
moisture vapor and gases
to escape. Housewrap for
the prefabricated panels
forming the exterior walls
of this house is applied at
the manufacturing facility.
Housewrap that is folded
back at the corners and
along the joists will be laid
into position and fastened.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Housewrap must be
properly applied and
overlapped to prevent
moisture from infiltrating
the building envelope.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
An inverted Y cut is made
in the housewrap, and the
flaps are folded back and
fastened to the inside of
the rough opening. The
top flap is folded up and
tacked to the exterior side
of the wall. The flap will be
folded down and secured
after the window or door is
installed in the opening.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A rainscreen wall is a
method of preventing
moisture vapor from
accumulating
between the exterior
finish material and
weather barrier.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Structural insulated
panels (SIPs) are
composed of two
outer panels and an
insulating foam core.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A surface or dimensional
lumber spline may be used
to join SIPs together.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
A pressure-treated sill plate
is secured to the foundation
wall, and SIP panels are
lowered over and fastened
to the sill plate.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Top-flange joist hangers
are used to support upper
floors in SIP construction.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
The lateral direction
of the shear load
against the wall
may cause uplift at
the bottom of the
wall, resulting in a
downward force at
the opposite end of
the wall.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Shear wall construction is
similar to conventional
wood-framed walls.
Additional shear anchor
bolts and holddown
anchors are installed at
the ends of shear walls.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Special anchors are
required to secure sill
plates of a shear wall
system. Some anchors
are embedded in
concrete as it is being
placed in the forms or
CMUs. Other anchors are
bolted to the foundation.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
Holddowns are secured to
anchor bolts embedded in
the foundation. Lag or
carriage bolts are driven
into the adjoining wall studs.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
In a one-story anchor
tiedown system, a long
threaded rod extends from
the top double plates and is
coupled with an anchor bolt
embedded in the concrete.
Unit 43 — Wall Framing
In a multistory anchor
tiedown system, a
threaded rod is tightened
and secured to the next
story with a take-up device.