Transcript chapter 3 PowerPoint

CPL Air Law
ATC Chapters 3
Aim
To review rules of the air & conditions in
which flight may be conducted
Objectives
1.Review operations at uncontrolled aerodromes
2.Review navigation requirements
3.To identify the minimum documents for flight
4.Illustrate right of way rules in the air
5.Define VMC
6.Identify altimetry requirements for flight
7.Identify various operational air law requirements
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Carriage of radio
Which aerodromes require a radio?
• CERT
• REG
• MIL
Details found in?
• ERSA
What defines ‘in the vicinity of’?
• Within 10nm of an aerodrome & below 2000 AGL (CAR 166, AIP Gen 2.2)
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Broadcasts & Advisories
Required broadcasts at an uncontrolled aerodrome include?
• Taxi
• Entering/crossing a runway
• Taking off/rolling
• Vacated and clear of runways
• Joining the circuit
• Carrying out a straight in approach at least 3nm prior
• Inbound to aerodrome at least 10nm prior (preferably 15nm)
• Transiting ‘in the vicinity of’ the aerodrome
(AIP ENR 1.1 para 20, CAR 166C)
Pilots of radio equipped aircraft must listen out and announce if in potential
conflict. Pilots who are in conflict must acknowledge these broadcasts
(AIP ENR 1.1 para 43.1)
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Circuit operations (CAR 166A)
• Default circuit direction & CTAF is?
• Left hand (unless stated in ERSA), 126.7 Mhz
• Max speed?
• 200kts
• Circuit height?
• 500ft low power, 1000ft medium, 1500ft high power aircraft
• Overfly height generally at least 500ft above circuit altitude
___________________________________________________________
• The pilot must maintain a lookout for aircraft
• The pilot joins the circuit, he/she must ensure all turns are made in the
same direction as the designated circuit (para 1d)
• The pilot must maintain runway track on takeoff until 500ft above terrain
(para 1f)
• However under para 4, the above does not apply is a change in track
is required to avoid terrain
• The pilot must take-off & land into wind (para 1h)
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Straight in approach (CAR 166B, ENR 1.1 para 47.6)
• The pilot must determine wind direction prior to arrival (CAR 166B para
2a)
• The above does not apply if in accordance with an Instrument approach
(CAR 166B para 3)
• Aircraft lights turned on along with Transponder
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Arrival & Departure to uncontrolled aerodrome
Arrivals
• Pilot should overfly at 2000ft AGL
• Descend on dead side of runway
• Join appropriate leg of circuit (crosswind, mid field crosswind)
• Arriving on live side downwind from 45 degrees
• Final approach turned no lower than 500ft
Departures
• Depart by extending one particular leg
• Turns not made contrary to circuit unless at overfly height of 3nm away
Going-Around
• Maneuver to dead side to keep runway visible
• Re-join circuit for another approach
1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Take-off:
• The preceding aircraft must have:
• Crossed the upwind end of runway
• Commenced a turn (eg: crosswind)
• at least 1800m ahead
• MTOW <7000kg, & following a/c <2000kg, both aircraft at 600m apart
• Landing and vacating runway
• Landed & holding short of current runway in use
Landing:
• The preceding aircraft landing must have:
• Vacated & taxiing off runway in use (without backtracking)
• Landed past a point 1000m from threshold (<7000kg)
• ATC considers there to b no collision risk
2.Review navigation requirements
Hemispherical levels & Tracking
List hemispherical levels?
• West, ODD + 500ft
• East, EVEN + 500ft
• Not required below 5000ft
0000
VFR EVEN
Altitudes VFR ODD
PLUS 500’ Altitudes
PLUS 500’
Separation from Controlled Airspace?
Altitude
Day
Night
0 – 2000ft
+- 1nm
+-2 nm
2000-5000ft
+- 2nm
+- 3nm
NDB
+- 6.9o
5000-10000ft
+- 4nm
+- 5nm
VOR
+- 5.2o
Gliders
+- 5nm
n/a
Dead
Reckoning
+- 12o
180-3590
3.Minimum documents for flight
Documents on Australian aircraft (CAR 139)
A pilot of an Australian aircraft must have on board:
• Certificate of Registration
• Certificate of Airworthiness
• Maintenance Release
• Licenses/Medical of flight crew
• Aircraft Flight Manual
• Manifest of passengers detailing names, places of embarkation &
destination
• Manifests of cargo
However if operating in Australia, does not require rego, airworthiness,
radio license, manifests
3.Minimum documents for flight
On Board Maps & Charts (AIP GEN 0.1)
AIP GEN 0.1 paragraph 9 & CAR 233 (para 1h)
• A pilot must have access to appropriate flight charts
VFR:
ERC, WAC, VNC, VTC, ERSA
IFR:
ERC, IAL charts, ERSA, alternates, WAC, VNC, VTC
4. Rules of the air
Right of way (CAR 161 & 162 para 1)
If 2 aircraft on converging headings, the pilot must give way to the right.
However this is not the case where:
• Power driven aircraft shall give way to gliders/airships/balloons
• Airships shall give way to gliders & balloons
• Gliders shall give way to balloons
• Power driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft conducting towing
4. Rules of the air
Right of way (CAR 162) para 2
Should 2 aircraft approach head on, both aircraft shall turn right.
4. Rules of the air
Right of way (CAR 162) para 3
An aircraft being over taken as right of way.
The overtaking aircraft must do so by manoeuvring to the right until clear of
the other aircraft
The aircraft overtaking must do so without climbing or descending
4. Rules of the air
Right of way (CAR 162) para 5 & 6
Para 5
Aircraft in flight or operating on the ground shall give way to aircraft on final
Para 6
When 2 powered aircraft are on final approach, the higher aircraft must give
way to the lower aircraft.
However pilots shall not take advantage by using this as a method to cut in
front of aircraft on final approach
5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class G
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
5000 - 10’000ft
5km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
< 3000ft AMSL or
< 1500AGL
5km
Clear of cloud
5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class C
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
5km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
*Special VFR also permitted
< 10’000ft
5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class D
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
5km
600m horizontal
500ft below cloud
1000ft above cloud
*Special VFR permitted
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
5km
1000ft above & below,
1500m horizontally
*Special VFR also permitted
Within defined
dimensions
CLASS E
< 10’000ft
5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
SVFR VMC in Class D or C airspace:
• Day
• Clear of cloud
• Vis 1.6km
• Special VFR not permitted in Class E
• Only permitted upon pilot REQUEST
What about Class
A airspace?
• Separation as required by ATC
• VFR not permitted
6. Altimetry.
Altimetry (ENR 1.7)
Para 1.3
•VFR altimeters should read within +- 100ft to be serviceable
•VFR altimeters not permitted above FL200 (ie- Class A airspace)
•Accurate QNH sources are considered to be from ATIS, Tower, AWIS.
•QNH by Area of Terminal forecasts are not to be considered.
Transition Altitude/Level (para 2.1)
•Allows aircraft to fly with a standardised Baro QNH setting
•Uses 1013hPa
•Transition Altitude 10’000ft, Transition Level FL110
•Flight within the Transition layer is not permitted
•Within 100nm of a QNH source set the QNH
•Beyond 100nm set Area QNH
6. Altimetry.
Altimetry (ENR 1.7)
.
6. Altimetry.
Altimetry (ENR 1.7)
Area QNH para 2.2
•Area QNH valid for 3hrs & applies within the prescribed area
•Area QNH is accurate to +- 5hPa
Local QNH para 2.3
•Local QNH can be determined from ATS, ATIS, AWIS, Terminal Forecast
•When Area QNH <1013.2 hPa, FL110 is not available
7. Operations
Low Flying (CAR 157)
•Aircraft must not be flown lower than 1000ft over a built up area
•Aircraft must not be flown lower than 500ft in any other area
•Laterally an aircraft must not be flown closer than 600m to an
obstacle/terrain
The above is not the case where:
•An aircraft be taking off or landing
•Thru stress of weather a lower altitude is required
•Search & rescue ops being conducted
•Dropping of supplies
7. Operations
Aerobatic flights (CAR 155)
•Aerobatics are not permitted at night
•Aerobatics are not permitted is anything other than VMC
•The aircraft must be certified & airworthy for aerobatics
•Aerobatics to be conducted above 3000ft, not over a built up area, with a
separation of 600m horizontal
Public gatherings (CAR 156):
•Pilots must not fly over public
gatherings or events (eg: races)
•Unless with permission from
casa (eg: a news helicopter)
7. Operations
Smoking (CAR 255)
•Smoking is not prohibited:
•During takeoff, landing, or refuelling
•In which a notice is displayed indicating smoking is prohibited
•Within aircraft toilets
•During any period of time the pilot deems necessary
Fire Hazards (CAR 289):
•No one shall produce a naked flame within 15meters of an aircraft or in any
part of an aerodrome in which a notice indicates
•A person shall not act in any way to create a fire hazard
7. Operations
Alcohol & Drugs (CAR 256, CASR 99)
•A person intoxicated shall not embark an aircraft
•A flight crew member shall not act under duty if having consumed alcohol
or be under the influence
•A pilot shall not fly if within 8 hrs alcohol has been consumed
•BAC limit of 0.02% after 8 hours (CASR 99)
7. Operations
Carriage & Discharge of firearms (CAR 143,144)
•A pilot must not carry a firearm unless engaged in Charter or RPT
•A pilot must not discharge his firearm whilst on board
•Permission is required from CASA
7. Operations
Safety Signals (CAR 194)
•Pilots shall transmit a Safety Signal when safety is concerned.
•Safety signal shall consists of:
TTT ( - - - )
If radio can be transmitted repeat the word “SECURITY” 3 times
Eg: in the event of spotting a fire
AIP AD – Light Signals:
Light Signal
Meaning in flight
Meaning on ground
Solid Green
Land if safe to do so
Take off if safe to do
Solid Red
Give way & circle
STOP
Flashing Green
Return for landing
Taxi if safe to do so
Flashing Red
DON’T LAND unsafe
Taxi clear of runway
Flashing White
n/a
Return to start point of
aerodrome
7. Operations
Precaution before take-off
CAR 244
Immediately before take-off the pilot shall check
• All control surfaces for full free and correct movement
• All control locks have been removed
• Any frost/ice has been removed
Questions?