Transcript World War I Power Point

Standard 11.4.5
Students analyze the political, economic
and social ramifications of World War I
on the home front.
WORLD WAR I BEGAN 1914
JUNE 28 ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED
JULY 28 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA
AUGUST 1 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA
AUGUST 3 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE
AUGUST 4 GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM WHICH
PROMPTED BRITAIN TO DECLARE WAR THE SAME DAY
AUGUST 4 PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARED POLICY OF
NEUTRALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES
AUGUST 6 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON
RUSSIA
AUGUST 23 JAPAN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY
OCTOBER 29 OTTOMAN EMPIRE JOINED THE WAR ON THE
SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS
THE WAR BEGAN
WITH THE
ALLIES VERSUS
THE CENTRAL
POWERS AND
SIX NEUTRAL
NATIONS
ALLIES
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER
COLONIES)
ITALY
RUSSIA
JAPAN
ROMANIA
SERBIA
GREECE
PORTUGAL
NEUTRAL NATIONS
SPAIN
SWITZERLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
BELGIUM
DENMARK
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
BULGARIA
TURKEY
DEBATE OVER JOINING THE WAR
REASONS FOR JOINING THE WAR
LUSITANIA
ZIMMERMAN NOTE
DECLARATION OF WAR
Slide 3
WHAT GROUPS WANTED THE U.S.
TO JOIN THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF
THE CENTRAL POWERS AND WHY?
•VERY LARGE POPULATION OF GERMANAMERICANS LIVING IN THE U.S. DID NOT
WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST GERMANY
•IRISH-AMERICANS DID NOT WANT TO HELP
THE BRITISH BECAUSE OF THEIR HISTORICAL
OPPRESSION OF THE IRISH AND BRITISH
SUPPRESSION OF THE INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT IN IRELAND IN 1916
TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266
U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES
OF THE WAR: 32,243,282
9000000
8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
GERMAN
AUSTRIANHUNGARIAN
BRITISH
IRISH
RUSSIAN
ITALIAN
POPULATION
BY ETHNIC
GROUP IN
MILLIONS
WHAT EXPLAINS THE ANTI-GERMAN
SENTIMENT IN THE U.S. GIVEN THAT
GERMANS COMPRISED THE SINGLE
LARGEST FOREIGN-BORN GROUP?
•CLASHING WITH THE GERMANS IN
SAMOA AND AT MANILA BAY OVER
EXPANSION OF U.S. TERRITORIES IN THE
LATE 19TH CENTURY
•COMPETITION OVER TRADING IN CHINA,
EAST INDIES, THE PACIFIC, AND AFRICA
•GERMAN DOMINANCE OF NAVAL AND
ARMY POWER OVER THE U.S.
•GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM
•BRITISH PROPAGANDA DEMONIZING THE
GERMANS
I. Most people wanted to
remain neutral because:
A. they felt that it was
not our fight
B. Europe was too far
away
C. war was expensive
D. divided loyalties
since US traded with
both Germany and
Great Britain and did
not want to sever ties
with either side by
fighting against them
AD PLACED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES BY
THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, 1915
NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the
Atlantic voyage are reminded that a
state of war exists between Germany
and her allies and Great Britain and
her allies; that the zone of war
includes the waters adjacent to the
British Isles; that, in accordance with
formal notice given by the Imperial
German Government, vessels flying the
flag of Great Britain, or any of her
allies, are liable to destruction in those
waters and that travellers sailing in
the war zone on ships of Great Britain
or her allies do so at their own risk.
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY
WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.
LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915
BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP
SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT
IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000
PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING
128 AMERICANS.
ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY
AMERICANS, THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE WAR
FOR 2 MORE YEARS
THE SUSSEX PLEDGE
AFTER THE GERMANS SANK THE UNARMED
FRENCH SUSSEX IN MARCH 1916 (THE
AMERICANS ON BOARD WERE INJURED BUT
NONE WERE KILLED), PRESIDENT WILSON
DEMANDED THAT THE GERMANS STOP
SINKING MERCHANT SHIPS WITHOUT
WARNING OR THE U.S. WOULD SEVER
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY.
GERMANY AGREED AND THAT LASTED UNTIL
JANUARY OF 1917 WHEN THE GERMAN
GOVERNMENT, DUE TO CIVILIAN STARVATION
FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND HOPING
FOR A QUICK END TO THE WAR, ANNOUNCED
UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.
FEBRUARY 1, 1917
GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME
THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL
(INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR
ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING
FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE
GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD
FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A
FEW MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD
ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR.
WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY
WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS,
HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED
MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36
LIVES LOST.
ZIMMERMANN NOTE (1917)
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine
warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our
intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United
States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an
alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we
shall make war together and together make peace.
We shall give general financial support, and it is
understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost
territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The
details are left to you for settlement. . . .
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico
of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it
is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with
the United States and suggest that the President of
Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate
with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;
at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany
and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico
that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare
now promises to compel England to make peace in a
few months.
Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916
POLITICAL
CARTOON ON
THE
ZIMMERMAN
NOTE
WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR
APRIL 2, 1917
“THE WORLD MUST
BE MADE SAFE FOR
DEMOCRACY. ITS
PEACE MUST BE
PLANTED UPON
THE TESTED
FOUNDATIONS OF
POLITICAL
LIBERTY. WE HAVE
NO SELFISH ENDS
TO SERVE. WE
DESIRE NO
CONQUEST, NO
DOMINION. WE
SEEK NO
INDEMNITIES FOR
OURSELVES, NO
MATERIAL
COMPENSATION
FOR THE
SACRIFICES WE
SHALL FREELY
MAKE.”
CONGRESS DECLARED WAR APRIL 6, 1917
EXCERPT FROM THE
WAR DECLARATION
“Whereas the Imperial German
Government has committed
repeated acts of war against
the Government and the people
of the United States of
America; Therefore be it
Resolved by the Senate and the
House of Representatives of
the United States of America in
Congress Assembled, that the
state of war between the
United States and the Imperial
German Government which has
thus been thrust upon the
United States is hereby
formally declared; and that the
President be, and he is hereby,
authorized and directed to
employ the entire naval and
military forces of the United
States and the resources of the
Government to carry on war
against the Imperial German
Government; and to bring the
conflict to a successful
termination all of the resources
of the country are hereby
pledged by the Congress of the
United States.”
II. The US joins the war on the side of the Allies
A. the US had more money invested in England
than in Germany
B. France was a friend since the US war for
independence
C. Wilson’s moral diplomacy policy
D. British propaganda
E. German unrestricted submarine warfare results
in sinking of Lusitania
F. Zimmerman note
•MOBILIZATION
•AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE
Slide 3
MAY 1, 1917 - ARMY EXPANSION ACT
•FROM 200,000 TO 4,791,172 IN ARMED FORCES
•32 NEW CANTONMENTS AND CAMPS BUILT FOR
40,000 SOLDIERS EACH AT A COST OF $262M.
(PANAMA CANAL COST $375M.)
•2,800,000 DRAFTED - SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT
MAY 19
•42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE - 2,084,000 MEN
CAMP KEARNEY FREMONT, CA
III. THE U.S. PREPARED FOR WAR - 1916
A. increase in the number of
army and national
guardsmen and build up of
the navy
B. Council of National
Defense created to
coordinate industry and
defense
C. $50 million allocated to
update merchant marine
fleet
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917
REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-30
(LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE
DRAFT
ABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL
POPULATION
ABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES,
CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS
SECRETARY OF WAR BAKER PULLED
DRAFT NUMBERS IN THE LOTTERY
DRAFTED MEN REPORTED FOR SERVICE IN
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER OF
THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WWI
"ALL A
SOLDIER
NEEDS TO
KNOW IS
HOW TO
SHOOT
AND
SALUTE."
SOLDIERS LEFT FOR FRANCE
IV. Effects of the war on the home front
A. Committee for Public Information – US gov’t “sells”
the war
1. propaganda posters & war bonds
B. climate of suspicion
1. Espionage Act made it illegal give aid to the
enemy
2. Sedition Act made illegal any public expression
of opposition to the war
3. anti-German sentiment
Slide 3
COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION:
CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD
PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA
LED BY
JOURNALIST
GEORGE CREEL
WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS
EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN
SENTIMENT DURING WWI
•MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING
INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.
•CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD
CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY,
BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”.
•SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE"
•SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE
BAR
•ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND
BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS,
INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK
PHILHARMONIC
•MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED,
BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.
V. Civil liberties restricted during the war
A. Civil liberties are fundamental
individual rights that are protected
in the Bill of Rights (freedom of
speech & religion)
B. in times of crisis they have been
restricted by the gov’t in order to
achieve larger goals
C. WWI – laws passed severely
restricting people’s rights who
spoke out against the war effort
LED TO 6,000 ARRESTS AND OVER
1,900 PROSECUTIONS UNDER THE
LAWS
THE ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917, LATER AMENDED
AND CALLED THE SEDITION ACT OF 1918
SECTION 3. Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall
willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with
intent to interfere with the operation or success of the
military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the
success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is
at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause
insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the
military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully
obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United
States, to the injury of the service or of the United States,
shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or
imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.
SOME OF THE PEOPLE ARRESTED UNDER THESE LAWS. PLEASE SEE THE SPEAKER NOTES FOR DETAILS.
RANDOLPH
DEBS
EASTMAN
REED
BERGER
HAYWOOD
The Presidential
Proclamation of April 19,
1918 defined persons as
"alien enemies" men and
women (whether naturalized
citizens or not) born in
Germany, Austria or the
Turkish Empire; and women
(regardless of birthplace)
married to alien enemies.
Papers are from an American
citizen married to a German.
County of Residence: Miami
City of Residence: Paola
Gender: Female
Country of Origin: United
States
City of Origin: Kansas
Maiden Name: Windler Date
of Birth: 03/23/1873
ROSE PASTOR STOKES
SHE SENT A LETTER TO THE KANSAS
CITY STAR THAT CLAIMED “NO
GOVERNMENT WHICH IS FOR THE
PROFITEERS CAN ALSO BE FOR THE
PEOPLE, AND I AM FOR THE PEOPLE,
WHILE THE GOVERNMENT IS FOR THE
PROFITEERS.”
SHE WAS ARRESTED AND SENTENCED
TO TEN YEARS IN JAIL UNDER THESE
LAWS.
A HIGHER COURT LATER
OVERTURNED THE CONVICTION.
VI. How did the US government pay for the war?
A. Income tax created in 1913
Amendment XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on
incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment
among the several states, and without regard to any census or
enumeration.
B Bonds: The gov’t borrowed money from the public
C. War savings stamps: cost between 25¢ and $5, when
people filled a booklet they could be turned in for bonds
THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN
DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF
MONEY FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE
ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE
Y.M.C.A. ALSO HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS.
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA
THE LIBERTY LOAN
DRIVES USUALLY
INVOLVED A LARGE
PARADE THAT WOULD
INCLUDE SOLDIERS
AND COMMUNITY
MEMBERS
CELEBRITIES MOTIVATED PEOPLE TO GET
INVOLVED IN THE LOAN DRIVES
THE HUMAN SQUIRREL
FATTIE ARBUCKLE
KIDS WERE ENCOURAGED TO CONTRIBUTE
TO THE LOAN DRIVES AS WELL
VII. War Industries Board
A. Gov’t took over all factories and ran them
like one big factory
B. The board instructed factories on what and
how much to produce and the cost of the
items
WOMEN'S BLOUSE FACTORIES MADE SIGNAL
FLAGS
RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS MADE GUNS
AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES MADE AIRPLANE
ENGINES
PIANO COMPANIES MADE AIRPLANE WINGS
MANUFACTURING
HELMETS AND
HATS FOR
SOLDIERS
WOOL SOCKS FOR SOLDIERS
POSTERS DESIGNED TO CONVINCE WORKERS IT WAS THEIR
DUTY TO PRODUCE (AND THEREFORE NOT STRIKE)
VIII. National war labor board
A. formed to unify labor and
settle labor disputes
B. hoped to prevent strikes
that would stop production of
war goods
C. also worked to improve
working conditions
1. 8 hour work day
2. standards for
employing women and
children
Food Administration
Didn’t start rationing, relied upon
voluntary participation
Slogan: “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR
– DON’T WASTE IT”
The US had to provide food for its own
citizens a well as the allied countries
FUEL ADMINISTRATION
•HEADED BY HARRY A.
GARFIELD, SON OF THE
MURDERED PRESIDENT
•DESIGNED TO CONTROL
AMERICA’S USE OF FUEL SINCE
IT WAS NEEDED OVERSEAS
•AS WITH THE FOOD
ADMINISTRATION, AMERICANS
WERE ASKED TO VOLUNTARILY
CONSERVE THEIR USE OF FUEL
•LIGHTLESS NIGHTS AND
GASLESS DAYS WERE OBSERVED
•DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WAS
OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN U.S. HISTORY IN ORDER TO
CUT BACK ON THE USE OF FUEL
AND ELECTRICITY.
IX. Americans in the War
A. African Americans served in segregated units
B. Influenza outbreak, 1918
1. killed more Americans than died in the
war
C. Prohibition, Amendment 18
1. illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport
alcohol in the US
2. enforced by the Volstead Act
WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE
MEN
NURSES
CONTRIBUTED
TO THE WAR
EFFORT
AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN
SEGREGATED UNITS
HENRY JOHNSON,
LEFT, AND NEADHAM
ROBERTS, RIGHT
RECEIVED THE FRENCH
CROIX DE GUERRE, AN
AWARD CREATED TO
RECOGNIZE BRAVERY
IN THE FACE OF AN
ENEMY
ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED
MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME
INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE
SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE
SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK
COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE
1920s.
BUILDING RAILROADS IN
FRANCE
CUTTING DOWN TREES
EACH STAR REPRESENTED A SON
FIGHTING IN THE WAR
INFLUENZA, 1918
•SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON
SUDDENLY STARTED DYING
•THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS
IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT
WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER
SEEN
•AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD
ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS
OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED
THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY
OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES
•IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN
AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER
600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS
OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE
WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS
MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.
PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD
THE DISEASE
THE RED CROSS
DELIVERED
FOOD TO FLU
VICTIMS IN
CHARLOTTE,
NORTH
CAROLINA. THE
MOTHER HAD
JUST DIED
FROM THE
DISEASE.
PROHIBITION
DECEMBER 18, 1917 PASSED BY CONGRESS, RATIFIED BY THE
STATES IN 1919, TOOK EFFECT IN 1920
Amendment XVIII
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article
the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating
liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof from the United States and all territory
subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the states by the Congress.
BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION 1917
•CZAR NICHOLAS II FORCED ABOUT
11 MILLION PEASANTS TO FIGHT
EVEN THOUGH THEY SUFFERED HIGH
INJURY AND DEATH RATES
•GROWING DISCONTENT WITH THE
WAR, FOOD SHORTAGES, AND MASS
DEMONSTRATIONS STARTED THE
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
•CZAR NICHOLAS ABDICATED THE
THRONE
•LENIN HEADED THE BOLSHEVIK
PARTY AND INTENDED TO TURN THE
COUNTRY SOCIALIST
•ONCE IN POWER, LENIN REMOVED
THE RUSSIANS FROM THE WAR
MARCH 1918
THE FINAL
MONTHS OF
WWI:
COORDINATED
ALLIED
ATTACKS
AMERICANS ENTERED THE FIGHTING
JUST IN TIME TO STOP A MASSIVE
GERMAN OFFENSIVE IN 1918
BATTLE FOR
ARGONNE
ARMISTICE SIGNED:
“AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH,
ON THE 11TH DAY”
NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS
THE UNITED STATES CELEBRATED
Country
Dead
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
Wounded
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
7,800,000
British Empire
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
8,904,467
Bulgaria
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
1,200,000
France
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
8,410,000
Germany
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
11,000,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
27,000
230,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
5,615,000
300
907
3
1,210
800,000
Japan
93,061
Mobilized
13,716
Italy
34,659
Total
Belgium
Greece
44,686
POW/MIA
267,000
Montenegro
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
50,000
Portugal
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
100,000
Romania
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
750,000
Russia
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
12,000,000
Serbia
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
707,343
Turkey
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
2,850,000
US
116,516
204,002
0
320,518
4,734,991
37,464,404
65,418,801
TOTALS
8,528,831 21,189,154
7,746,419
THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR
Allied Powers
Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
United States
22,625,253,000
Great Britain
35,334,012,000
France
24,265,583,000
Russia
22,293,950,000
Italy
12,413,998,000
Belgium
1,154,468,000
Romania
1,600,000,000
Japan
40,000,000
Serbia
399,400,000
Greece
270,000,000
Canada
Central
Powers
Cost in Dollars in
1914-18
Germany
37,775,000,000
AustriaHungary
20,622,960,000
Turkey
1,430,000,000
1,665,576,000
Bulgaria
815,200,000
Australia
1,423,208,000
New Zealand
378,750,000
Total of all
Costs
60,643,160,000
India
601,279,000
South Africa
300,000,000
British Colonies
125,000,000
Others
500,000,000
Total of all Costs
125,690,477,000
X. Paris Peace Conference
A. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. idealistic effort to solve problems
that had caused the war
2. League of Nations – international
organization to prevent war
B. Treaty of Versailles
1. revenge on Germany for starting
the war
a. reparations
b. lost land
c. armaments restricted
d. forced to admit war guilt
PRESIDENT WILSON’S 14 POINTS
1. AN END TO ALL SECRET DIPLOMACY
2. FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IN PEACE AND WAR
3. REMOVAL OF TRADE BARRIERS AMONG NATIONS
4. GENERAL REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS
5. THE ADJUSTMENT OF COLONIAL CLAIMS IN THE INTEREST OF THE
INHABITANTS AS WELL AS OF THE COLONIAL POWER
6. THE EVACUATION OF RUSSIAN TERRITORY AND THE INDEPENDENT
DETERMINATION BY RUSSIA OF ITS OWN NATIONAL POLICIES
7. THE RESTORATION OF BELGIUM
8. THE EVACUATION OF ALL FRENCH TERRITORY AND RETURN OF ALSACELORRAINE
9. THE READJUSTMENT OF ITALIAN BOUNDARIES AMONG CLEARLY
RECOGNIZABLE LINES OF NATIONALITY
10.INDEPENDENCE FOR VARIOUS NATIONAL GROUPS IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
11.THE RESTORATION OF THE BALKAN NATIONS AND FREE ACCESS TO THE SEA
FOR SERBIA
12.PROTECTION FOR MINORITIES IN TURKEY AND THE FREE PASSAGE OF ALL
SHIPS THROUGH THE DARDANELLES
13.INDEPENDENCE FOR POLAND, INCLUDING ACCESS TO THE SEA
14.A GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONS TO PROTECT “MUTUAL GUARANTEES OF
POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY TO GREAT AND
SMALL NATIONS ALIKE”
SOME BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WAS
NECESSARY
OTHERS BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WOULD NOT
WORK
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR”
GEORGE
WANTED TO
MAINTAIN TRADE
RELATIONS WITH
GERMANY BUT
WANTED
COLONIES
ORLANDO
WANTED
LAND
PROMISED
DURING
WWI
CLEMENCEAU
WANTED TO
PUNISH
GERMANY AND
PREVENT
FUTURE
INVASION
WILSON
WANTED 14
POINTS
AND FAIR
PEACE FOR
ALL
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
EUROPE
1914
1919
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMAN ARMAMENT LIMITATIONS
TYPE
AMOUNT
ALLOWED
PLANES
0
WARSHIPS
6
SOLDIERS
100,000
CONSCRIPTION
BANNED
GERMAN
WAR GUILT
CLAUSE
The Allied and Associated
Governments confirm and
Germany accepts the
responsibility of Germany
and her allies for causing
all the loss and damage to
which the Allied and
Associated Governments
and their national have
been subjected as a
consequence of the war
imposed upon them by the
aggression of Germany and
her allies.
THE BLACK AREAS
WERE CONTROLLED
BY GERMANY PRIOR
TO WWI, THE TREATY
MADE THEM
MANDATES OF THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
ONLY FOUR
COUNTRIES WERE
INDEPENDENT:
ETHIOPIA, LIBERIA,
EGYPT, AND
MOROCCO.
ALL OTHER
TERRITORY WAS
DIVIDED BETWEEN
BRITAIN, FRANCE,
SPAIN, PORTUGAL,
BELGIUM, AND ITALY
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE WAS
BROKEN
APART AND
SEVERAL NEW
INDEPENDENT
COUNTRIES
EMERGED:
SYRIA,
JORDAN,
SAUDI ARABIA
AND IRAQ
TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED
JUNE 28, 1919
THE SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY THE TREATY
OF VERSAILLES
SENATOR
HENRY CABOT
LODGE LED
THE FIGHT
AGAINST THE
TREATY
WILSON
NEGOTIATED THE
TREATY OF
VERSAILLES
WITHOUT ANY
INPUT FROM THE
SENATE WHICH LED
TO BITTERNESS.
CABOT AND OTHERS
ARGUED AGAINST
JOINING AN
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION
THAT MIGHT HAVE
VETO POWER OVER
U.S. ACTIONS.
Cabot speech against joining League
CARTOON SHOWS
WILSON TRYING TO
PROTECT THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
FROM THE SENATE.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN, THE LEAGUE BECAME
INEFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING FUTURE WARS
XI. Effects of WWI in America
A. US became a world superpower
B. US refuses to join League of Nations
C. US economy grew during the war
D. US culture beginning to spread abroad
E. birth of black empowerment movement
F. women worked outside the home in huge
numbers
G. Russian Revolution sparks fears of communism
at home
Other titles available in the United
States history series:
Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. Review
Slavery
Causes of the Civil War
Civil War
Reconstruction
Westward Movement
World History titles:
The Conquest of Mexico
New Titles for Fall 2005:
Colonial Era
Revolutionary Era
Immigration and Urbanization
America becomes a world power: Imperialism
The Progressive Era
The U.S. and World War One
1920’s
Great Depression and New Deal: 1930’s
Causes of World War Two
World War Two
HMS Historical Media, a
division of Multimedia
Learning, LLC, has 26
classroom ready historical
simulation games available on
various topics. Please visit
our website for more details:
www.multimedialearning.org
1950’s
Cold War: Johnson to the fall of the Berlin Wall
Please visit our website
as we continually publish
new titles:
Vietnam
www.multimedialearning.org
Civil Rights Movement
Cold War: Truman to Kennedy
Late History Overview: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s