Transcript 1. Noun 名詞

Essential grammar
重要基礎文法 01 (2011)
By Peiling Hsia
English – 8 parts of speech
八大詞類
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective / Article
Adverb
Verb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
1. Noun 名詞
A noun is a word that denotes a person, place,
or thing. In a sentence, nouns answer the
questions who and what.

Proper noun


Common noun :

Collective noun

Countable noun – singular / plural
Noncountable (mass noun)
Nouns with Adjectives
普通名詞
可數
集合名詞
(family, people, team)
專有名詞
(Wall Street, July)
不可數
物質名詞
(water, air, furniture)
抽象名詞
(beauty, health, anger)
(有單數 複數)
a/an, the, no
this / that
each / every
many, several
a number of
one of the
a couple of
few
(無單數複數差別)
the, this, that, no
much
A great deal of
little
Noun and Article
a, an
Count
singular
Count
plural
Noncount
the
this
that
these
those
no
article
Count and Noncount Nouns with
Adjectives
Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example,
you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray."
However, the difference between a countable and uncountable
noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any,"
"much/many," and "little/few.“
Some/Any - countable and uncountable nouns.



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There is some water on the floor.
There are some Mexicans here.
Do you have any food?
Do you have any apples?
Much/Many:
Much - modifies only uncountable nouns.
Many - modifies only countable nouns.


We don't have much time to get this done.
Many Americans travel to Europe.
Little/Few:
Little - modifies only uncountable nouns.
(a little/very little)
Few - modifies only countable nouns.




He had little food in the house.
The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room.
There are few doctors in town.
Few students like exams.
Other basic rules:
A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal
substitutes for much and many. They are used
with uncountable nouns when they mean much
and with countable nouns when they mean
many.

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

They have lots of (much) money in the bank.
A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe.
We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer.
We got lots of (much) rain last summer.
A little bit of: A little bit of is informal and always
precedes an uncountable noun.


There is a little bit of pepper in the soup.
There is a little bit of snow on the ground.
Enough: Enough modifies both countable and
uncountable nouns.


There is enough money to buy a car.
I have enough books to read.
Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and
uncountable nouns.


They have plenty of money in the bank.
There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.
No: No modifies both countable and uncountable
nouns.


There is no time to finish now.
There are no squirrels in the park.
A number of: several of a particular type of thing .


I decided not to go, for a number of reasons.
There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.
Numbers: a number of a particular description.

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Small numbers of children are educated at home.
Large numbers of invitations were sent.
Newspapers are produced in vast numbers.
Number: an amount or total.



The number of people killed in road accidents fell last month.
There has been an increasing number of cases of the disease.
A small number of children are educated at home.
Every: used when referring to all the members of a group
of three or more .


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The police want to interview every employee about the theft.
The show will be broadcast every weekday morning between 9
and 10.
We're open every day except Sunday.
Each : every thing, person, etc. in a group of two or more,
considered separately .



When you run, each foot leaves the ground before the other
comes down.
Each of the companies supports a local charity.
We each (= Every one of us) wanted the bedroom with the
balcony, so we tossed a coin to decide.
Special notes – “each” “every” 「每個~」

“each” “every” + 單數的名詞 + 動詞也是用單數的語態。

each + of 可加複數名詞，但後面的動詞是用單數的語態。
Ex: Each of us has a wonderful time.

every 後接日期有可能接複數名詞。
(X): My mother has to visit the hospital every five week.
(O): My mother has to visit the hospital every five weeks.
Collective noun:
整體時被看作單數名詞;
指整體的構成分子時被看作複數名詞。
Examples:
The committee grants its permission for the artists to
place her sculpture in the park. (people as an unit)
The committee put their signatures on the document.
(all the members in the group need to sign the document “individually”)
family
(1) a group of people who are related to each other, such as a
mother, a father, and their children.


I come from a large family.
He hasn't any family.
(2) the children of a family



Women shouldn't have to choose between career and family (=
having children).
Paul and Alison are hoping to start a family (= have children)
soon.
My dad died when we were small so my mum raised the family
on her own.
(3) a pair of adult animals and their babies

We've got a family of squirrels living in our garden.
people “人”, ”人們”, ”家人” in general
當 people 指 “人 persons” 或著泛指 “人們”, 或者指特定合
的人以及家裡人時 , 它是個無標記的複數名詞.
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There are ten people present.
The streets were crowded with people.
People will laugh at you.
All my people are in India.
Who are these people?
My wife’s people are staying with us now.
people ”民族”
people 作”民族”“種族”時,就變
成了規則的可數名詞 (peoplepeoples)

The Chinese are a hard-working people.
(中華民族是個勤勞的民族 )


Ireland was inhabited by two peoples.
A people is all the men, women, and children of
a particular country or race.
(一個民族是指一個國家或種族的所有的男人,女人和兒童.)
the people
-
the large number of ordinary men and women
who do not have positions of power in society
the people 指一個國家的人民或全世界的人民, 它在
形式上仍是單數,但是它的動詞,根據概念一致原則,
要使用複數.



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She claims to be the voice of the people.
The President has lost the support of the people.
He lived for the people and died for the people.
The French nobles oppressed the people.
Obama’s Victory Speech at Chicago’s
Grant Park

The road ahead will be long. Our climb will
be steep. We may not get there in one
year or even in one term. But, America, I
have never been more hopeful than I am
tonight that we will get there. I promise you,
we as a people will get there.
Nov-05 2008
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96624326
Question:

Sixty people means a huge party.
主詞 sixty people為複數,其動詞為何是用單數?
2. Pronoun
代名詞
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun
in a sentence.
Examples:
 She decided to go to a movie.
 She planned to ask him for an interview.
Relative pronouns
General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which,
where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to
make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at
the beginning of the subordinate clause which gives some
specific information about the main clause.



This is the house that Jack built.
I don't know the day when Jane marries him.
The professor, whom I respect, was tenured.
In English, the choice of the relative
pronoun depends on the type of clause
it is used in.
There are two types of clauses distinguished:
 defining (restrictive) relative clauses and
 non-defining (non-restrictive) relative
clauses.
Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses)
provide some essential information that explains the main clause. The
information is crucial for understanding the sentence correctly and
cannot be omitted.
Defining clauses are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT
separated by a comma from the main clause.
Function in
the
sentence
Subject
Object
Possessive
Reference to
People
Things / concepts Place
Time
Reason
Some special uses of relative pronouns
in defining clauses that / who
Referring to people, both that and who can be used. That
may be used to referring to someone in general:


He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to
Chicago.
However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who
is preferred:


The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention
at the party.
that / which
There several cases when that is more appropriate than
which:
1.
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few,
little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing):

The police usually ask for every detail that helps
identify the missing person.
Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants.

2. After verbs that answer the question WHAT?
For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write,
etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the
object of the main clause:


Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and
ninety-nine percent of hard work.
The chairman stated at the meeting (that) his company is
part of a big-time entertainment industry.
3. After the noun modified by an adjective in the
superlative degree:

This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that
used as the object
4. After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:

The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. that used as the object
5. If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE:

This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that
used as the subject
3. Adjective
An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes,
a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may precede nouns,
or they may appear after be verbs (am, are, is)
形容詞的作用:
1. 在名詞前 作修飾,限定
2. 在動詞後 作主詞補語
3. 在受詞後 作受詞補語
Article
冠詞
Articles include a, an, and the. They precede
a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence.
Examples:
 They wanted a house with a big porch.
 He bought the blue sweater on sale.
非人稱形容詞
“非人稱形容詞”不能用人當主詞
 通常以虛主詞 it 當主詞


有 a 形式的形容詞 只能作“敘述使用”
Ex. The girl is afraid..
She is an afraid girl. X
The fish is still alive.
She is awake
Special notes:
•複合形容詞
•動詞可變成形容詞
1. 以現在分詞的形式 (+ ing)
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. 以過去分詞的形式 (+ ed或不規則變化)
I will accept a written apology.
4. Adverb
副詞的種類
Just as adjectives modify nouns, adverbs modify, or further
describe, verbs. Adverbs may also modify adjectives.
(Many, though not all, adverbs end in -ly.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
時間副詞
地方副詞
頻率副詞
狀態副詞
程度副詞
•before, early, now
•here, at the station
•always, never, often
•well, loudly, fast
•very, much, too
動詞
頻率
時間
Ben
enthusiasin the pool
tically
swims
every
morning
before
dawn
to keep in
shape.
Dad
walks
every
afternoon
before
supper
to get a
newspaper.
before
lunch.
to prepare
for a
contest.
Jason
sings
狀態
habitually
loudly
地方
to town
every
in his room
morning
目的
5. Verb
動詞
1. 依句型分類
2. 依功能分類
Transitive
Intransitive
不及物動詞
Main verb
實義動詞
Auxiliary Verb
Regular
3. 依詞型變化分類
及物動詞
助動詞
規則動詞
Irregular 不規則動詞
6. Preposition
介係詞
Prepositions work in combination with a noun or pronoun to
create phrases that modify verbs, nouns/pronouns, or
adjectives. Prepositional phrases convey a spatial, temporal,
or directional meaning.
1. Prepositions of Place and location
2. Prepositions of Time
3. Prepositions of Direction / Movement
4. Prepositions of Manner
5. Prepositions of Purpose
6. Prepositions of Materials
7. Prepositions of Similarity
8. Prepositions of Agent / Source
9. Prepositions of Comparison
10. Prepositions of Measurement
(1) Prepositions of Place and location
地方或位置的介詞










In
On
Over
Under
underneath
Above
Below
By
Beside
Next to








In front of
Around
Between
Among
At
Near
Behind
before
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUNYx8LxkL0&feature=related (prep song)
at / on / in (地方)
at
small location
a specific place.
number (for a building,
house or apartment.)
He is waiting at the bus stop.
He lives at a small village.
He lives at No. 200, First
Avenue.
She works at that restaurant.
on
road / street / highway
direction
island / mountain
He lives on First Avenue.
He lives on the north of
Taiwan.
in
The information is in the lower
/ upper corner of the page.
city / state / country / region /
She’s in the middle of
state / continent
something.
book / newspaper / magazine
He lives in Taipei.
He lives in Canada.
(2) Prepositions of Time

Specific time – between, by, from – to, till,
within, at, on, in, before, after

General time – at, by, in, on

Length of time – at, during, since, through, for
at / on / in (時間)
at
Time
At 5 pm / At 11:40
At midnight
At lunchtime
At sunset
on
Specific day
Days
Holiday
On Friday
On my birthday
On October 6th
On Christmas Day
Month
Year
Century
In October
In 2009
In the 18th century
In the past
In the 1980s
In the Middle Ages
in
(3) Prepositions of Direction / Movement
onto / on to / on
ON + TO = onto: signifies movement toward a surface

examples:
Ann climbed onto the roof.
He jumped onto the horse.
The burglar climbed on to the roof.
into / in to / in
IN + TO = into: signifies movement toward the interior of a
volume
With verbs of motion, "into" and "in" are interchangeable
except when the preposition is the last word or occurs
directly before an adverbial of time, manner, or frequency.





The patient went into the doctor's office. The patient went in.
Our new neighbors moved into the house next door yesterday.
Our new neighbors moved in yesterday.
Now what kind of trouble has she gotten herself into?
Now what sort of trouble is she in?
(4) Prepositions of Manner



With – please carry this box with care.
In – the man shouted at the driver in anger.
By – you have to learn your multiplication tables by heart.
(5) Prepositions of Purpose


for – The box is used for a project.
On – They went to New York on business.
So that - They work hard so that the project would be ready in time.
In order to - In order to become a champion, you have to word hard.
For the purpose of - He got a cat for the purpose of catching the mice.
(6) Prepositions of Materials



Of – The desk is make of wood.
From – Wine is made from grapes.
In – Can you answer it in English?
(7) Prepositions of Similarity


As – We use the water jug as a vase to put the flower in.
Like – Your hands are cold like ice.
(8) Prepositions of Agent / Source


By –The concert was organized by Tom.
From – They got the answer from the encyclopedia.
(9) Prepositions of Comparison



To – We won the game by 5 to 3.
I prefer oranges to apples
With – He compared his camera with mine.
By – He is taller than I by 2 inches.
(10) Prepositions of Measurement

Of – Can I have a glass of milk, please?
7. Conjunction
連接詞
A conjunction is a word that joins two
independent clauses, or sentences, together.
Coordinating conjunctions (對等)
 Subordinate conjunctions (附屬)
 Correlative conjunctions (相關)
 Conjunctive adverbs (連接詞副詞)

Coordinating conjunctions 對等連接詞
and, but, or, for, so, yet, nor
(X): Enrichment may be particularly important when the
number of organisms is small, for detection of asymptomatic
carriers, or when specimens are delayed in transit.
(O): Enrichment may be particularly important when the
number of organisms is small, for detection of asymptomatic
carriers, or for specimens delayed in transit.
(X): These mice became dehydrated, lost weight, and four mice
died.
(O): These mice became dehydrated and lost weight, and four
mice died.
(X): The mixture was heated, shaken, centrifuged, and the
supernatant fluid frozen.
(O): The mixture was heated, shaken, and centrifuged, and the
supernatant fluid was frozen.
Subordinate conjunctions
Common subordinate conjunctions
after
although
as
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
if only
in order that
now that
once
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
till
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while
附屬連接詞 (有時稱為從屬字) 位在附屬子句的開頭來使附屬子句與主要子句之
間建立關係，並使附屬子句變成其意義仰賴主要子句而定的句子元素。
Correlative conjunctions 相關連接詞
Correlative conjunctions join words, phases, or
clauses of equal rank. The correlative conjunctions
are always in pairs.
(X): Increased turnover has been shown both in monkeys
and humans.
(O): Increased turnover has been shown in both monkeys
and humans.
Increased turnover has been shown both in monkeys
and in humans.
(X): The 110S structures were relatively labile either after
centrifugation or various detergent treatments.
(O): The 110S structures were relatively labile after either
centrifugation or various detergent treatments.
The 110S structures were relatively labile either after
centrifugation or after various detergent treatments.
whether (conj)
whether…or





I was merely questioning whether we have the
money to fund such a project.
I'm wondering whether to have the fish or the
beef.
It all depends on whether or not she's got the
time.
Let's face it - you're going to be late whether you
go by bus or train.
Someone's got to tell her, whether it's you or me.
Conjunctive Adverbs 連接詞副詞
Conjunctive adverbs join two independent
sentences, as transitional words.
To be continued ~