Transcript File - LE 4000 Website

LE 4000
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
STEP 3
Documenting academic sources
The APA Style Of Referencing
References :
The Purdue University Writing Lab
Postgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University Malaysia
1
By now, you should have
referred to a number of
academic sources.
Let us proceed to the
APA STYLE OF REFERENCING
2
What is APA ?

American Psychological Association.
(2001). Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (5th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

For the latest and official
APA “Electronic Reference
Formats" document :
Go to
http://www.apastyle.org
OWL website:
owl.english.purdue.edu
3
In your research academic writing,
proper documentation should be a
priority!
Warning :
This part takes an eye
for detail.
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APA Style: Two Main Concerns

The Reference Page
/List
(week 3 onwards)

Parenthetical
Citations
(week 7 onwards)
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Why Use APA Format?
1. Allows readers to
cross-reference your
sources easily
2. Provides consistent
format within a
discipline
3. Gives you credibility
as a writer
4. Protects yourself from
plagiarism
1. Cross-Referencing Your
Sources
Cross-referencing
allows readers to locate
the
publication
information of source
material.
This is of
great
value
for
researchers who may
want to locate your
sources for their own
research projects.
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2. Using a Consistent Format


Using a consistent
format helps your
reader understand
your
arguments
and the sources
they’re built on.
It also helps you
keep track of your
sources
as
you
build arguments.
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3. Establishing Credibility
The proper use of
APA style shows
the credibility of
writers; such
writers show
accountability to
their source
material.
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4. Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your
sources in APA style
can help you avoid
plagiarism, which is a
serious offense. It
may result in anything
from failure of the
assignment to
expulsion from the
university.
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The Reference Page /List



Your reference list should appear
on a new page, at the end of your
paper.
It is a list of every source that you
make reference to in your essay
(each retrievable source cited in
the essay must appear on the
reference list, and vice versa).
It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate
and retrieve any sources cited in
your essay.
A sample of a reference
page/list
References
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic
Book.
Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schacher, S. (2000). When
prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.
Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and early childhood
development. New York: Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc.
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker, 4045.
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the
undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.
Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama
najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah.
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The reference list (APA STYLE)
POINTS TO REMEMBER:








Entries must be arranged in alphabetical order.
Typing must be double-spaced.
Entries should have a hanging indent.
Entries must not be categorized.
Entries must not be numbered.
Only the first word of the title of the book, the word
after a colon and proper names should be capitalized.
Titles of books and names of journals, magazines and
newspapers should be typed in italics. Don’t underline.
Use the colon to separate the place of publication and
the publisher.
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The reference list (APA STYLE)







Use full stop at the end of every entry and after every part
of the entry for example after year, after title etc.
Write the surnames in full but use only the initials for first
and middle names.
Write muslim names in full.
Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or
government agencies, by the first significant word of the
name.
If the work is signed “anonymous” the entry begins with
the word anonymous spelled out, and the entry is
alphabetized as if anonymous were a true name.
If there is no author, the title moves to the author
position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first
significant word of the title.
Treat legal reference like with no author; that is,
alphabetize legal references by the first significant item in
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the entry.
The reference list (APA STYLE)
NOW, PLEASE FOCUS
ON THE SPECIFIC
RULES INVOLVED.
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BOOKS – SINGLE (1) AUTHOR
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New
York: Basic Book.
Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972).
Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-alYamamah.
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BOOKS - 2 AUTHORS
Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and
early childhood development. New
York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
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BOOKS - 3 to 6 AUTHORS
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,
Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's
more to self-esteem than whether it is high
or low: The importance of stability of selfesteem. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
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BOOKS – MORE THAN 6
AUTHORS
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman,
D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).
Writing labs and the Hollywood connection.
Journal of Film and Writing,44(3), 213-245.
Note: If there are more than six authors,
list the first six as above and then "et al.,“
which stands for "and others." Remember
not to place a period after "et" in "et al
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BOOKS - EDITED COLLECTION
Higgins, J. (Ed). (1989). Psychology. New
York: Norton.
Grice, H.P., & Gregory, R.L. (Eds.). (1986).
Early language development. New York:
McGraw Hill.
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BOOKS –A SPECIFIC EDITION
Brocket, O. (1967). History of the theatre (5th
ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR
Brown, R. (1985). Words and things. New
York: Macmillan.
Brown, R. (1997). Social psychology. New
York: Macmillan.
Note:
list the entries by the year
(earliest comes first).
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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes
over time in prosocial intentions and
behavior between friends. Developmental
Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on
prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52, 636-643.
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BOOKS - UNKNOWN AUTHOR
Experimental psychology. (1988). New
York: Holt Publication.
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CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT
AUTHORSHIP
International Islamic University Malaysia.
(1992). Islamization of knowledge. Malaysia:
Research Centre Publishing.
Institution of Financial Education. (1982).
Managing personal funds. Chicago: Author.
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RELIGIOUS SOURCES
Al-Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah: 152-153.
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THESIS
Ahmad Zaini Zahid. (1991). A study of sleep of
sleep deprivation and its effects on teenagers.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of
Nebraska).
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WEB PAGES
Chou, L. (1999). Technology and
education. Retrieved August 24, 2000,
from http://www.ilt.columbia.html.
New child vaccine gets funding boost.
(2000). Retrieved March 21, 2000,
from http://news/health
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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Faisal Othman. ( October 6, 1996). Islam and development.
The Star, p. 12.
Fredickson, B.L. (2000). Cultivation of positive emotions to
optimize health and well-being. Prevention and
treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved 20th June 2001, from
http://www.journals.apa
Sawyer, J. (1996). Measurement and prediction. Psychological
Bulletin (3), p. 178-200.
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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES NO AUTHOR
Clinton puts human face on health-care plan.
(1993, September 16). The New York
Times, p. 11.
Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. (2000). Prevention
and treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved 20th
June 2001, from http://www.journals.apa.
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LEGAL CASES
Faridah Dato’ Talib v Mohd Habibullah.
(1990). 1 MLJ 74.
Ngieng Shiat Yen v Phang Wai Ann. (1995). 3
MLJ 130.
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ACTS
Mental Health System Act, (1988)
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ITEMS IN ANTHOLOGY
Rubenstein, J.P. (1997). The effects of
television violence on small children. In
B.F. Kane (Ed.) Television and juvenile
psychological development. New York:
American Psychological Society.
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TELEVISION AND RADIO
PROGRAMMES
Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L.
(Director). (2 Oct., 1993). A prairie
home companion (Radio Program). St.
Louis: KMOX
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INTERVIEWS AND LETTERS
NOT INCLUDED in references BUT
acknowledged in the text.
35
COMPREHENSION
QUESTIONS
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