Transcript PPT5 - Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
SBT/SBI/SGS011-CP2-05
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP –SBT011 –CP2-U2
 SEP –SBT011 –CP2-U2
 SEP – SGS011 –CP2-U2
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Credits
 Academic Inputs by
Sonali Alkari
Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre,
Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology
Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd
[email protected]
[email protected]
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How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able
to:
 Describe kingdom protists
 Describe phylum/divisions of protists
 Describe
various
subphylum
of
different
protists
phylum like protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water
molds.
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What are Protists? :1
 They are eukaryotes because they all have a nucleus.
 Most have mitochondria .
 Many have chloroplasts with which they carry on
photosynthesis.
 Many are unicellular and all groups (with one exception)
contain some unicellular members.
 The name Protista means "the very first", and some of the
80-odd groups of organisms that we classify as protists
may well have had long, independent evolutionary
histories stretching as far back as 2 billion years.
 But genome analysis added to other criteria show that
others are derived from more complex ancestors; that is,
are not "primitive" at all.
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What are Protists?:2
 Genome analysis also shows that many of the
groups placed in the Protista are not at all closely
related to one another; that is, the protists do not
represent a single clade.
 So we consider them here as a group more for our
convenience than as a reflection of close kinship,
and a better title for this page would be
"Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor
Plants
 The Kingdom Protista contains the protozoa, algae,
slime molds, and water molds.
 All of these organisms are eukaryotic and lack
tissue differentiation.
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Division/Phylum: Protozoa:1
 Protozoan , informal term for the unicellular
heterotrophs of the kingdom Protista.
 Protozoans comprise a large, diverse assortment
of microscopic or near-microscopic organisms that
live as single cells or in simple colonies and that
show no differentiation into tissues.
 Most are motile, and most ingest food, as do
animals, rather than produce it themselves, as do
plants.
 The 26,000 living species are cosmopolitan in
distribution; they are found in freshwater and at
all depths in the ocean; some live in soil.
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Division/Phylum: Protozoa :2
 These single-celled microorganisms are noted
for their ability to move independently.
 Protozoans live in environments that vary
from soil to the bodies of other organisms.
 Many
species
of
protozoa
make
up
zooplankton, one of the primary sources of
energy in aquatic ecosystems.
 Not
all
zooplankton
are
classified
as
protozoans.
 Some are parasites in the bodies of humans or
other animals, sometimes causing diseases
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Division/Phylum: Protozoa :3
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The sub-phyla of Protozoa
i.
Sarcodina –(Amoeboid Protozoans) e.g the
amoeba
ii. Ciliophora – (Ciliated Protozoans) e.g the
paramecium
iii. Zoomastigina - (Flagellate Protozoans) e.g.
trypanosomes
iv. Sporozoa – (Parasitic Protozoans )e.g.
malaria
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Division/Phylum: Algae:1
 Algae (sing. alga) are a large and diverse
group
of
simple,
typically
autotrophic
organisms,
ranging
from
unicellular
to
multicellular forms.
 The largest and most complex marine forms
are called seaweeds.
 They are photosynthetic, like plants, and
"simple" because they lack the many of the
distinct organs found in land plants.
 All true algae therefore have a nucleus
enclosed within a membrane and chloroplasts
bound in one or more membranes.
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Division/Phylum: Algae :2
 These
plant-like
protists
all
carry
on
photosynthesis.
 Although
most
algae
are
single-cell
organisms, some are large multicellular
organisms.
 The largest algae are the seaweeds known as
kelp that are hundreds of feet long.
 All algae, no matter their size, lack tissue
differentiation.
 Most
aquatic
algae
compose
the
phytoplankton, the foundation of aquatic food
chains.
 Phytoplankton produces almost half the
world's carbohydrates and oxygen.
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Division/Phylum: Algae:3
 Algae are most prominent in bodies of water
but
are
also
common
in
terrestrial
environments.
 However, terrestrial algae are usually rather
inconspicuous and far more common in moist,
tropical regions than dry ones, because algae
lack vascular tissues and other adaptations to
live on land.
 Algae are also found in other situations, such
as on snow and on exposed rocks in symbiosis
with a fungus as lichen.
 The various sorts of algae play significant
roles in aquatic ecology.
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Division/Phylum: Algae:4
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Division/Phylum: Algae:5
 Most of the simpler algae are unicellular
flagellates or amoeboids, but colonial and
non-motile
forms
have
developed
independently among several of the groups.
 Some of the more common organizational
levels, more than one of which may occur in
the life cycle of a species, are
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Colonial: small, regular groups of motile cells
Capsoid: individual non-motile cells embedded in mucilage
Coccoid: individual non-motile cells with cell walls
Palmelloid: non-motile cells embedded in mucilage
Filamentous: a string of non-motile cells connected
together, sometimes branching
vi. Parenchymatous: cells forming a thallus with partial
differentiation of tissues
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The sub-phyla of algae
1. Chlorophyta - the green algae
2. Phaeophyta - the brown algae
3. Rhodophyta - the red algae
Bacillariophyta - the diatoms
4. Dinoflagellata - the dinoflagellates
5. Chrysophyta - the golden algae
6. Euglenophyta - the euglenoids
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Division/Phylum: Slime Molds:1
 Slime Mold (or Mycetozoa) is a broad term often
referring to roughly six groups of Eukaryotes.
 The taxonomy is still in flux.
 Until recently, the slime moulds were regarded
as organisms of uncertain taxonomic status,
claimed as fungi by mycologists and as protozoa
by protozoologists.
 Slime molds feed on microorganisms in
decaying vegetable matter.
 They can be found in the soil, on lawns, and in
the forest commonly on deciduous logs.
 They are also common on mulch or even in leaf
mold which collects in gutters.
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Division/Phylum: Slime Molds:2
 These heterotrophic organisms spend a part of
their lives in a mobile, amoeba-like form.
 They produce a reproductive structure that
makes them look like a fungus.
 They appear as a glistening, viscous mass of
slime.
 The organisms in this group have a complex
life cycle during the course of which they go
through unicellular, multicellular, funguslike
(form spores) and protozoanlike (amoeboid)
stages.
 Most slime mold are smaller than a few
centimeters, but the very largest reach areas
of up to thirty square meters, making them
the largest undivided cells known.
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Division/Phylum: Slime Molds:3
 Many have bright colors such as yellow, brown, and
white.
 Thousands of individual amoebalike cells aggregate into
a slimy mass — each cell retaining its identity (unlike
plasmodial slime molds).
 The aggregating cells are attracted to each other by the
cyclic AMP (cAMP) that they release.
 With the exception of one species that causes powdery
scab on potatoes, these organisms are of little economic
importance.
 However, their combination of traits makes them of
great scientific interest. The link below will introduce you
to one of the most popular members of the group.
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Division/Phylum: Slime Molds:3
 They begin life as amoeba-like cells.
 These unicellular amoebae are commonly haploid and
multiply if they encounter their favorite food, bacteria.
 These amoebae can mate if they encounter the correct
mating type and form zygotes which then grow into
plasmodia which contain many nuclei without cell
membranes between them, which can grow to be meters
in size.
 One variety is often seen as a slimy yellow network in
and on rotting logs.
 The amoebae and the plasmodia engulf microorganisms.
 The plasmodium grows into an interconnected network of
protoplasmic strands (Ling, 1999).
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The Phyla of Slime Molds
1. Myxogastria/Myxomycetes/Myxomycota:
plasmodial or coenocytic slime molds.
2. Protostelia : smaller plasmodial slime molds.
3. Dictyosteliida : unicellular slime molds.
4. Acrasidae : slime molds with a similar life style
to Dictyostelids, but of uncertain taxonomy.
5. Plasmodiophorids : parasitic protists which can
cause cabbage club root disease and powdery
scab tuber disease.
6. Labyrinthulomycetes: slime nets
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Slime Mold
fruiting of Lycogala epidendrum
Physarum polycephalum
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sporangia (C-E)
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Division/Phylum: Water Molds :1
 Oomycetes also known as Water molds (or water
moulds) are a group of filamentous, unicellular
Heterokonts, physically resembling fungi.
 They are microscopic, absorptive organisms that
reproduce both sexually and asexually and are
composed of mycelia, or a tube-like vegetative
body (all of an organism's mycelia are called its
thallus).
 The name "water mold" refers to their earlier
classification as fungi, which stemmed from their
preference for conditions of high humidity and
running surface water, although they are now
known to have evolved separately and show a
number of differences.
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Division/Phylum: Water Molds:2
 For instance, their cell walls are composed of
cellulose rather than chitin and generally do
not have septations.
 Also, in the vegetative state they have diploid
nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei.
 Instead, water molds are related to organisms
such as brown algae and diatoms, making up
a group called the heterokonts.
 While most water molds are aquatic, some
live in the soil, and others are plant parasites.
 The water molds are economically and
scientifically important because they are
aggressive plant pathogens
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3 Groups of Water Molds - 1
1. The Phytophthora group is a genus that causes
diseases such as dieback, potato late blight,
sudden oak death, rhododendron root rot, and Ink
Disease.
2. The Pythium group is even more prevalent than
Phytophythora and individual species have larger
host ranges, usually causing less damage.
 Pythium damping off is a very common problem
in greenhouses where the organism kills newly
emerged seedlings.
 Mycoparasitic members of this group (P.
oligandrum) parasitize other oomycetes and
fungi, and have been employed as biocontrol
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3 Groups of Water Molds - 2
3. The third group are the downy
mildews, which are easily identifiable
by the appearance of white "mildew"
on leaf surfaces (although this group
can be confused with the unrelated
powdery mildews).
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Phytophthoras
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Downy Mildews
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What You Learn…
You have learnt that…
 Protists are the “very first", 80-odd groups
of organisms that have long, independent
evolutionary histories stretching as far back
as 2 billion years.
 All of these organisms are eukaryotic and
lack tissue differentiation
 Protists are the Eukaryotes that are neither
Animals, Fungi, nor Plants
 The
Kingdom
Protista
contains
the
protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water
molds.
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What You Learn…
You have learnt that…
 Protozoan , are the unicellular heterotrophs
of the kingdom Protista.
 Algae are the diverse group of simple,
typically autotrophic organisms, ranging
from unicellular to multicellular forms
 The slime moulds were regarded as
organisms of uncertain taxonomic status,
claimed as fungi by mycologists and as
protozoa by protozoologists.
 Oomycetes also known as Water molds (or
water moulds) are a group of filamentous,
unicellular
Heterokonts,
physically
resembling fungi
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Critical Thinking Questions
1. Describe is details kingdom
various phylum in Protists?
2. Describe
autotrophic
subphylum.
3. Describe unicellular
kingdom Protista
Protists
Protists
heterotrophs
and
and
its
of
the
4. Write short note on various types of moulds. .
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Hints For Critical Thinking Question
1. Describe Protists features, and phylum
protozoa, algae,
water molds.
slime
molds,
and
2. Algae
3. Protozons
4. slime and water moulds.
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Study Tips
 Book1
 Title:The Living World
 Author: George Johnson
 Book2
 Title: ABC Of Biology
 Publisher: Holy Faith
 Book3
 Title: Biological Science
 Author: Taylor, Green & Stout
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Study Tips
www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
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End of the Presentation
Thank You!
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