Transcript Video_Link_Archive_files/Muhammad Nasidi IBD presentation

Bioconversion potential of sorghum
crude grains to ethanol: A case study
Muhammad Nasidi
PhD research student
School of Contemporary Sciences
University of Abertay Dundee
Principal Supervisor: Prof. G Walker
Introduction
 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is
a C-4 cereal crop that grows well
under varied temp and rainfall
regimes.
 It is the 2nd most important
cereal crop in Africa and the 5th
world wide (FAO 2008).
 The grains come in different
shapes and sizes and may contain
condensed tannin (ICRISAT 2004).
 The crude grains comprised
husks, awn, spikelet, rachis and
pubescence materials (USAID, 2009)
Courtesy: CIAD, Nigeria
....Intro. Contd.
.....background contd.
Quelea birds invaded farm
Examples of sorghum
production loss sources;
Sorghum
grain head
 Pests/diseases attack
accounts for over 10% of
annual sorghum
production loss in Nigeria
(USAID, 2009; Codex, 2012).
 In Africa & Asia, over
$130 million loss in
income is recorded by
farmers annually due to
sorghum head smut
attack (Yago et. al., 2011).
Courtesy: www.google.com
 An estimated 200,000t of post-harvest sorghum grains are loss to smut/fungi
infection annually in Nigeria; due to poor storage facilities (USAID, 2009; Ismail, et. al., 2010).
Why bioethanol in this study?
 Bioethanol is a petrol
additive/substitute for use as
automotive fuel (Defra, 2006).
 Nigeria sets a voluntary target
of achieving self-sufficiency in
domestic E-10 fuel supply by
2020 (NBPI, 2007).
 This represents a potential
demand of 1.3billion litres of bioethanol for transport, in addition
to the 3.75 billion litres ethanol
gel demand for cooking (NBPI, 2007;
FMARD 2011).
 Currently over 90% of ethanol
consumed in Nigeria is imported
(NNPC, 2010)
Source: googleimage.com
Research background
 The SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3 sorghum cultivars are among the most favourable
cultivated varieties in Nigeria, because of their suitability as food, animal feeds,
and malting/brewing feedstock source (USAID, 2009; Ofor, et. al., 2009; Hussein et. al., 2009; FMARD, 2011).
Sorghum grain utilisation in Nigeria (%)
Export
5%
Commercial
5%
Prod. loss
10%
livestock Feed
20%
Food
60%
(Galadima et al 2011; Imam and Capareda 2011; Nasidi et al 2010; FMARD, 2012).
 Degraded and/or spoilt sorghum grains are usually fed to livestock in Nigeria.
 This practice is considered to have serious health consequences to livestock and
possibly humans wellbeing in Nigeria (NAERLS, 2008; Hussaini et al 2009; Etuk, et. al., 2012).
Research Aim & Objectives
KSV3
head
SSV2
head
AIM
This work aimed to investigate the
potential for bioconversion of
crude/degraded sorghum grains to
ethanol.
OBJECTIVES
 To investigate possible potential for
utilisation of degraded/spoilt
sorghum grains as fuel alcohol
feedstock.
 To specifically investigate
saccharification and fermentation
performance of SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3
sorghum crude grains.
KSV8
head
Materials and Methods
Milling/Grinding of SSV2,
KSV8 & KSV3 sorghum
crude grains
Liquefaction of starch
granules by cooking with
H2O
Saccharification with
commercial enzymes i.e.
amylase, b-glucosidase &
protease
Fermentation with
S. cerevisiae and
Pichia yeast sp.
Results discussions
Table 1: Composition of SSV2, KSV8 & KSV3 sorghum cultivars (g/100g db)
S/no
Item
SSV2
KSV8
KSV3
1
Ash
2.81 ±0.10
1.31 ±0.03
2.25 ±0.07
2
Lignin
15.10 ±0.13
11.58 ±0.04
13.96 ±0.13
3
Starch
63.64 ±1.67
66.87 ±1.34
72.42 ±1.86
4
Crude protein
15.57 ±0.52
14.31 ±0.41
16.38 ±0.47
35
% total crude proteins
30
25
SSV2
20
KSV8
KSV3
15
10
5
0
Albumin
Globulin
Glutelin
Kafirin
Soluble protein fractions
Residual
... Results contd.
Sorghum crude grains Pasting profile
.... Fermentation results.
ANKOMRF monitor
ANKOMRF
SYSTEM
ANKOMRF module
ANKOMRF module
ANKOMRF CPU
ANKOMRF glass bottle
Shaking incubator
Keyboard
Fermentation progress was monitored
through cumulative CO2 gas pressure
(psi) measurements by ANKOM® system.
SSV2, KSV8, & KSV3 sorghum hydrolysate fermentation kinetics:
husked grains hydrolysed with PromaltTM 295 enzymes.
Fermentation graphs
40.00
CO2 cumu. pressure (psi)
35.00
SSV2
30.00
KSV8
25.00
KSV3
SSV2ctrl
20.00
KSV8ctrl
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0:00:00
12:00:00 24:00:00 36:00:00 48:00:00 60:00:00 72:00:00
Time (hrs)
Total fermentable sugars and FAN level of sorghum mash:
control (a) and enzyme hydrolised (b)
160
140
KSV8
KSV3
SSV2
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
FAN(a)
Sugars(a)
FAN(b)
Sugars(b)
Sugar level (g/100g)
FAN (mg/l)
140
*Data are mean of 2 replicates
SSV2, KSV8 & KSV3 sorghum fermentation kinetics: husked grains
hydrolysed with PromaltTM 295 + Bioglucanase ME1250L
50.00
CO2 cumu. pressure (psi)
45.00
40.00
SSV2
35.00
KSV8
30.00
KSV3
25.00
20.00
SSV2ctrl
15.00
KSV8ctrl
10.00
5.00
0.00
0:00:00
12:00:00
24:00:00
36:00:00
Time (hrs)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
*Data are mean of 2 replicates
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
FAN(b)
Sugars(b)
FAN(c)
Sugars(c)
KSV8
KSV3
SSV2
Sugar level (g/100g)
FAN(mg/l)
Total fermentable sugars and FAN level of sorghum mash:
with promalt295 (a) and with promalt295+ME1250L (c)
48:00:00
...fermentation graphs
SSV2, KSV8 & KSV3 sorghum cultivars fermentation kinetics: husked
grains saccharification withPromaltTM 295 + Bioglucanases ME1250L +
Hitempase 2XL
CO2 cumu. pressure (psi)
70
60
SSV2-Sd
50
KSV8-Sd
40
KSV3-Sd
30
KSV8-Sm
KSV3-Sm
20
10
0
0:00:00
12:00:00
24:00:00
Time (hrs)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
180
KSV8
160
KSV3
140
SSV2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
FAN(c)
Sugars(c)
FAN(d)
Sugars(d)
48:00:00
*Data are mean of 2 replicates
Sugar level (g/100g)
FAN (mg/l)
Total fermentable sugars and FAN level of sorghum mash:
with p295 +ME1250L (c) and with p295+ME1250+2XL (d)
36:00:00
SSV2, KSV8 & KSV3 sorghum cultivars fermentation kinetics: husked
grains saccharification with PromaltTM 295 + 4TR + Bioglucanase
ME1250L + Hitempase 2XL +Termamyl amylase
CO2 cumu. pressure (psi)
120.00
SSV2-Sd
100.00
KSV8-Sd
80.00
KSV3-Sd
SSV2-Ps
60.00
KSV8-Ps
40.00
20.00
0.00
0:00:00
24:00:00
KSV3
160
SSV2
140
120
80
60
40
20
0
FAN(d)
Sugars(d)
FAN(e)
Sugars(e)
Sugar level (g/100g)
FAN level (mg/l)
KSV8
180
100
72:00:00
Time (hrs)
Total fermentable sugars and FAN level of sorghum mash:
with p295+ME1250L+2XL (d) and with additional 4TR +
Termamyl
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
48:00:00
*Data are mean of 2 replicates
Conclusions.
 Final ethanol yield obtained for the crude grains of SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3
sorghum cultivars in this study were 401l/t, 423l/t and 443l/t respectively.
 These results compared well with the 460-480l/t alcohol yields reported for dehusked and malted sound grains of SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3 sorghum cultivars (Agu,
1995; Agu, et. al., 2006; Ogbonna, 2011; Okolo, et. al., 2012; Aregbesola, et. al,. 2012).
 These results suggest residual/degraded sorghum grains from fields invaded by
pests or post-harvest grain storage facilities attacked by rodents may be
considered potential feedstock source for bioethanol production.
Future Work
 Sorghum grains severely infected by smut/mold diseases could be investigated
to evaluate their fermentation performance potentials.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to;
 My generous sponsor, PTDF (Nigeria).
 My supervisory team: Prof. G Walker, Dr Y Deeni and Dr D Blackwood.
 Mall Idris (NIHORT, Kano, Nigeria).
 Dr A Reg (SWRI, Edinburgh).
Thank you for listening
Source: googleimage.com