Transcript Research on ELD and Implications for Two
Research on English Language Development and Implications for Two-Way Programs Kathryn Lindholm-Leary, Ph.D.
Professor, San Jose State University [email protected]
Rosa G. Molina, M.A.
Executive Director, Two-Way CABE [email protected]
TWBI National Conference, San Diego, CA July 2010
Purpose
Research : language competence and second language learning – theory and TWI research
Implementation/Best Practices proficiency : implications of research: research-based strategies for promoting English language development and bilingual
Schematic of Language Competence
Focus of ELD & ELA Embedded in stories or literature, but rarely taught
Academic Language Definition
“Academic literacy includes the reading, writing, and oral discourse skills necessary to participate in a classroom discussion and in assignments. It may vary from subject area to subject area and requires knowledge of multiple genres of text, purposes of text, and text media. It is influenced by students’ literacies in contexts outside of school and by students’ personal, social, and cultural experiences” (Short & Fitzsimmons, 2007) “It is not possible to ‘do’ science, ‘do’ economics, ’do’ mathematics with only ordinary language.” (Scarcella, 2003)
LOL
You’re full of it!
Monkey see, monkey do!
Put your money where your mouth is!
What’s UP?
2 heads are better than 1 Once in a blue moon
Text me
Research 1. How Long Does it Take?
High levels of full proficiency require at least 5-7 years of instruction - ELs & high level motivated government staff
Improvement:
• •
beginning to middle levels of proficiency
relatively rapid middle to upper levels of proficiency
slower much
Research 2. How Much Oral Proficiency?
Most second language learners in foreign language instruction do not make it beyond Elementary or Intermediate levels of proficiency
State-wide studies of CELDT data:
•
Grades 3-6: 42-47% of EL students Intermediate
Research 3. Is More English Better?
Time-on-Task
more time spent in instruction in English
proficiency in English.
more
Dual language research
: More English does
not
lead to higher redesignation as R-FEP. Redesignation rates in 90:10 as high as or higher than 50:50.
Synthesis research
: ELLs in English-only programs had lowest proficiency in English.
Dual language and synthesis research
: more Spanish in instructional day higher levels of bilingualism, and students who are more bilingual more likely to be redesignated as R-FEP
Listening & Speaking Proficiency – CELDT Grades K-6 Native Spanish Speakers
TWI ELLs make greater growth in listening/speaking and reading/writing than ELLs in English-only programs. By 6 th grade, achieve at similar/superior levels.
Listening/Speaking Reading/Writing
English Language Proficiency ( CELDT TOTAL ) Percent R-FEP or Early Advanced/Advanced Grades 4-8
36% 92% 92 % Percent of TWI students fluent in English according to CELDT (RFEP, Early Advanced or Advanced): • grade 5, 92% • grade 6, 92% • grade 7, 90% • grade 8, 100% CELDT Total = listening, speaking, reading, writing
Research in TWI - Correlations Literacy & Language Proficiency Within & Across Languages
Correlations between: CST ELA x Aprenda reading = CST ELA x CELDT overall = CST ELA x CELDT reading = Aprenda reading x Span oral prof = ELL .54*** .40*** .51*** .37*** EP .71*** .57*** Correlations between: English reading x Mandarin reading = ALL .58***
English language proficiency related to English reading; Spanish language proficiency related to Spanish reading Reading scores in English related to reading scores in Spanish
Taking Stock
These data show – even in a 90:10 program, students can become highly proficient in English
Achievement in Spanish is related to achievement in English
Bilingualism – need to believe in and use knowledge of bilingual research to guide program and curriculum development around language in TWI
ELs in TWI Show Higher Achievement Than ELs in Same School, District & State
By 6 th grade, TWI current EL students achieve at higher levels than ELs in English-only mainstream programs.
By 6 th grade, TWI current ELs do not reach English-only (EO) students in percent Proficient or Advanced, but they score as high in percent Basic or above.
This EL group does not include R-FEPs
R-FEPs in TWI Close Achievement Gap in English with English speakers!
By 6 th grade, TWI R-FEP students achieve at higher levels than R-FEPs in English mainstream programs.
By 6 th grade, TWI R-FEPs far surpass EOs in percent Proficient or Advanced, and in percent Basic or above.
All R-FEP groups surpass EO averages.
Reading Achievement in English By English Proficiency (CELDT) Level in TWI
Level of English proficiency has a significant effect on English reading achievement. Each group scores significantly different from other groups (except Early Adv ≈ Advanced & EP, Advanced ≈ RFEP & EP). RFEP>EP
Reading Achievement in Spanish By English Proficiency Level in TWI
Level of English proficiency has a significant effect on Spanish reading achievement. However, only RFEP is significantly higher than some other groups. Beginners above average in Spanish reading.
Level of English Language Proficiency by Background Characteristics
English Proficiency Level Began Program as: Percent Male Percent Low Income % Mom Education Low (HS or less) – High (Coll Grad+) Percent with Disability
Beginning Early Intermediate Intermediate Early Advanced Advanced RFEP ELL 53% 79% 59% - 13% 51% 84% 67% - 14% 50% 86% 38% 52% 53% 81% ✓
71%
✓
71%
58% - 10% ✓
51% - 23%
✓
47% - 24%
✓
35% - 20%
✓✓
17%
✓✓
11%
4% 0 0 ✓ 6%
Implications of Research on ELD
Should my TWI program provide ELD?
What does providing ELD mean in a bilingual (TWI) program?
Got benchmarks?
Should you have an ELD curriculum in a bilingual program?
Grouping during ELD
Implications of Research 1. Should my TWI program provide ELD?
According to Saunders & Goldenberg (2009), in a synthesis of the research on ELD:
Providing ELD instruction is better than not providing it
•
However, research basis slim and largely based on foreign language learning with college and adult learners
Use a separate, daily block of time for ELD instruction
•
Research based largely on in K, and one in grades 2-3.
two large studies of students – one
Implications of Research 1. Should my TWI program provide ELD?
Research in immersion – students do not develop HIGH levels of L2 proficiency, and lack vocabulary breadth & grammatical accuracy
TWI students stuck at Intermediate language development is too implicit and not sufficiently explicit
Focus on
Suggests need for ELD in TWI programs
Implications of Research 2. What does providing ELD mean in a bilingual (TWI) program?
According to Saunders & Goldenberg (2009)
ELD instruction should conventions) explicitly teach elements of English (vocabulary, syntax, grammar,
The ELD block can incorporate reading and writing, but should emphasize listening and speaking
ELD instruction should emphasize academic language as well as conversational language
Implications of Research 2. Providing Language Development in a bilingual (TWI) program
Instruction ensures that learners:
develop both a rich repertoire of formulaic expressions and a rules-based competence focus predominantly on meaning and also focus on form
Instruction needs to be predominantly directed at developing implicit knowledge (unconscious, procedural) of the L2 while not neglecting explicit knowledge (rules learners can state) Adapted from Ellis (2004)
Literacy and Language Development
Cross-linguistic influences - L1 skills and knowledge ELLs use to bootstrap into English literacy (Riches & Genesee)
phonological awareness in L1
awareness in English phonological
knowledge of L1 sounds
spelling English decoding &
vocabulary skills in L1
complex vocabulary skills) English vocabulary (at least
L1 grammar
sentences comprehension or production of English
Emergent or proficient L1 readers
literacy skills faster acquire English
Implications of Research 2.
Providing Language Development in a bilingual (TWI) program
To develop high levels of bilingual proficiency, students need:
ELD instruction
SLD instruction Not a monolingual approach: help students transfer skills across languages
Implications of Research 3. Got Benchmarks?
According to Saunders & Goldenberg (2009):
ELD instruction should be planned and delivered with specific language objectives in mind.
Got benchmarks? scope/sequence for each grade level in ELD and SLD?
How can you plan and deliver language objectives if you don’t know what you expect?
Promoting ELD/SLD Proficiency Standards & Frameworks
Standards/Frameworks provide a way of organizing instruction around a set of learning objectives related to listening, speaking, reading, writing at different proficiency levels
ELD Standards – Look at these and use for planning ELA Standards Side by Side (San Diego County Office of Education) Blueprint & Sample CST ELA questions & CELDT questions List of vocabulary items (Marzano, Tennessee, Coxhead) in English & Spanish High frequency word list/Site word list National Foreign/World Language Standards (ACTFL, California)
Promoting ELD/SLD/Bilingual Proficiency Lesson Planning
Need more detail in both languages & specific language objectives
Content standard(s) to be addressed Language instruction
Structures/forms--parts of speech, grammar (word problems in math)
Frames/memorized chunks/formulaic language (“Where is the”, “A mi me gusta…”) Vocabulary--bricks & mortar; high frequency, specialized vocabulary Anticipatory set/Link to prior knowledge Links across languages, where possible
Language Objectives Accessible for Students
Implications of Research 4. Do you need an ELD curriculum?
No ELD curriculum used in the schools has a research basis demonstrating its effectiveness, especially in a TWI/dual language program.
ELD curricula are designed for English learners in English mainstream/SEI programs, not for students learning through two languages.
However, helpful since most teachers do not have training in linguistics in English or Spanish.
Use as resource AND ADAPT for TWI
Implications of Research 5. Grouping during ELD
According to Saunders & Goldenberg (2009):
Interactive activities among ELs and between ELs and proficient English speakers can be productive, but they must be carefully planned out
According to Ellis (2004), successful language learning requires:
extensive L2 input opportunities for L2 output opportunities to interact in the L2 Grouping & opportunities for interaction ESSENTIAL for language development!
Implications of Research 5. Grouping during ELD
(Saunders & O’Brien, 2006): With increased oral proficiency in L2, students:
use more of L2
gains in L2 oral proficiency
interact more frequently with speakers of L2
opportunity to use L2 more
use more complex language learning strategies, particularly strategies that enable them to interact with others and monitor their own and others’ language use
display wider range of language skills, including skills associated with academic uses of language (e.g., higher level question forms & definitional skills)
Implications of Research 5. Grouping during Differentiated vs. Whole Class
According to Saunders & Goldenberg (2009):
Group ELs carefully for ELD instruction by language proficiency.
•
However, they note this is a guideline applicable to ELD but grounded in non-EL research
In TWI, if ELs always grouped for ELD, when do they practice English with EOs and get native speaker role models? Two-way means they learn from each other.
Yet, some differentiated is probably helpful to provide explicit instruction tailored to their level of proficiency.
No research on whether ELs should not be grouped with ELs in SEI or English mainstream. Since ELD in TWI should look different (bilingual approach, transfer), might need to have separate groups for students in TWI and SEI
Conclusions
Saunders & Goldenberg (2009): “In sum, we have a relatively small corpus of research to draw upon to guide the design and delivery of K-12 ELD instruction.” Second language learners have a bilingual reservoir they can draw on to assist with second (and first) language development and literacy In TWI and other research, bilingual proficiency – not just English proficiency – associated with higher levels of English language development and higher levels of achievement Need to design ELD AND SLD for students in bilingual (TWI) programs – taking advantage of and further developing their bilingual reservoir