Transcript - Tailoring the English Class

Grammar from Oxford
Past tenses
For ECCE-level practice see Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate
Find examples of past tense forms
“There’s a little fishing village where we used to
spend our vacations when I was little. The cottage
had a lovely view of the sea. My brother and I would
get up early every morning and run down to the
harbor to watch the fishermen unloading their catch.
They were always very busy. Often, one fishing boat
was going out while another one was coming in. We
stopped going there when we grew older, but I still
think about it from time to time.”
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
Examples of past tense forms
“There’s a little fishing village where we used to
spend our vacations when I was little. The cottage
had a lovely view of the sea. My brother and I would
get up early every morning and run down to the
harbor to watch the fishermen unloading their catch.
They were always very busy. Often, one fishing boat
was going out while another one was coming in. We
stopped going there when we grew older, but I still
think about it from time to time.”
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past simple: form (regular verbs)
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
infinitive + -ed
did not (didn’t) + infinitive without to
Did + subject + infinitive without to
Spelling rules for affirmative
• Infinitive ending -e: add ___.
• Infinitive ending consonant + vowel + consonant:
______________ and add -ed.
• Infinitive ending consonant + -y: _______________
and add -ed.
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past simple: form (regular verbs)
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
infinitive + -ed
Did not (didn’t) + infinitive without to
Did + subject + infinitive without to
Spelling rules for affirmative
• Infinitive ending -e: add -d.
• Infinitive ending consonant + vowel + consonant:
double the final consonant and add -ed.
• Infinitive ending consonant + -y: change the -y to an
-i and add -ed.
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past simple: form (irregular verbs)
Negatives and questions are formed in the same way
as for regular verbs. In the affirmative, many forms
are irregular and must be learned individually, e.g.,
go > went, buy > bought.
What did you
do over the weekend?
I went to the movies, but I
didn’t see a film. I met a
friend and we went for
coffee.
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past simple: use
• to talk about past states or completed
actions, often with a past-time expression
such as last
• to talk about past habits or routines, often
with an adverb of frequency
“Did you eat all that pizza?”
“He walked five miles every day.”
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
used to and would
used to and would are followed by infinitive without to.
• both can be used to describe repeated past actions
and routines, in a similar way to the past simple
When I was younger, people used to / would knit all
their own sweaters. Now most people buy them.
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
used to and would
“My mother used to be an actress. She gave it up when she
married my dad.”
“Grandpa was very superstitious. He would never open an
umbrella indoors.”
• used to emphasizes a routine that no longer takes place
• would describes typical past behavior
Used to
___________
can describe situations and states in the
past. We can’t use __________
in this way.
would
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past continuous: form
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
Was / were + -ing
Was / were + not (wasn’t / weren’t) + -ing
Was / were + subject + -ing
Where were you
going when I saw you
earlier?
I wasn’t going
anywhere nice. I was
visiting a friend in the
hospital.
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past continuous: use
• to talk about a continuous past situation in progress
at a particular time in the past
• to talk about a background to a second situation or
event (when the past simple is used in parallel).
“At two o’clock today, I was having lunch with Molly.”
“We weren’t sitting by the window when it broke.”
“While I was waiting for you, I finished the crossword
puzzle.”
while
• We can use as, when and _______
to introduce a
longer background action.
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past continuous and past simple: use
• two past simple verbs can be used to refer to one action
that follows another
Compare:
“John looked at me when I called his name.” (= John looked
after I called him.)
“John was looking at at me when I called his name.” (= John
started looking before I called him.)
• The ___________
past continuous is not used with stative verbs such as
be or know.
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
Correct or incorrect?
• Sarah was listening to some loud music when I got in.
I could hear it from the next street! 
• As I was waiting for my interview, I got more and
more nervous.
• When we lived near the sea, we went swimming
every day. 
• My parents would be in a band together, but that
was a long time ago.
O
O
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Practice
Grammar
Corrected
• As I was waiting for my interview, I got more and
more nervous. 
• My parents were in a band together, but that was a
long time ago. 
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Oxford
Practice
Grammar
Find examples of perfect tense forms
“I’ve been in my current job for nearly five years.
That’s really a long time at this company. They tend
to give you long-service awards if you’ve been
working here for as little as ten years! Things have
changed a lot since my grandfather’s day. By the time
he retired, he’d been working for the same company
for forty years and had never felt the need to look for
other employment that entire time.”
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
Examples of perfect tense forms
“I’ve been in my current job for nearly five years.
That’s really a long time at this company. They tend
to give you long-service awards if you’ve been
working here for as little as ten years! Things have
changed a lot since my grandfather’s day. By the
time he retired, he’d been working for the same
company for forty years and had never felt the need
to look for other employment that entire time.”
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
present perfect simple: form
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
Have / has (‘ve / ‘s) + past participle
Have / has + not (haven’t / hasn’t) + past participle
Have / has + subject + past participle
• The past participle form of regular verbs is often the same
as the past simple form. Irregular forms must be learned
seen
eaten
individually, e.g., see > saw > ______
, eat > ate > ______.
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect simple: use
• to talk about past actions or states that have a
result in the present, or which have happened
recently
Someone’s broken the vase.
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect simple: use
• to talk about life experiences, often with ever
or never
Have you ever
done bungee jumping?
No, I’ve never wanted
to do that. I’ve tried
paragliding though.
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect simple: use
• with since or for, to describe a period of time
that has passed
“I’ve had this computer since last year.”
“We haven’t lived in this town for very long.”
since
for
• We use ______
+ a period of time and ______
+ a specific point in time.
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect and past simple
•for can be used after the past simple or present
perfect simple; since is not used after the past simple
•ago is used with the past simple
“He lived in France for a few years in the 1990s.”
“He lived in France a few years ago.”
NOT “He lived in France since 2008.”
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect and past simple
With the present perfect simple, we can use:
•“unfinished” time expressions such as so far,
and until now
•other time expressions such as still, already,
and yet
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
present perfect continuous: form
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
Have / has (‘ve / ‘s) been + ing form
Have / has (‘ve / ‘s) not been + ing form
Have / has + subject + been + ing form
I’ve been washing
dishes all morning,
and I’m still not
finished!
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Practice
Grammar
present perfect continuous: use
• to talk about an action that started in the past and
continues up to the present
• to give a reason for a present situation
• with for and since to talk about how long something
has been happening for
“The situation has been getting worse, and shows no
signs of improvement.”
“I’m cold because I’ve been working in the basement.”
“It has been snowing for ten hours / since last night.”
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Practice
Grammar
Correct or incorrect?
• After our argument, Tina didn’t speak to me for
ages. 
• I saved 250 dollars towards my new bike so far. I only
need another $50.
• She has been working here since just before
Thanksgiving, 2005. 
• I saw Paul Taylor recently. He didn’t change much
since we last saw him.
O
O
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Practice
Grammar
Corrected.
•I have saved 250 dollars towards my new bike so far. I only
need another $50. 
•I saw Paul Taylor recently. He hasn’t changed much since we
last saw him.

For ECCE-level practice see
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Practice
Grammar
past perfect simple: form
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
No, we’d always
thought this was such
a safe area. There hadn’t
been any burglaries
before
this happened.
Had (‘d) + past participle
Had not (hadn’t) + past participle
Had + subject + past participle
Had you seen or
heard anything
suspicious before the
night in question?
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Practice
Grammar
past perfect simple: use
• to talk about an earlier past, before another time
period or action
• after verbs of thinking and saying
• with expressions such as when, as soon as, by the
time
“She was worried because Jo hadn’t called all day.”
“He realized that he had forgotten to pack his
pajamas.”
“By the time I had finished reviewing everything, it was
midnight.”
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
past perfect continuous: form
• Affirmative:
• Negative:
• Questions:
Had (‘d) + been + -ing
Had not (hadn’t) + been + -ing
Had + subject + been + -ing
I was at school when I suddenly felt dizzy and fainted.
In fact, I hadn’t been feeling very well earlier because
I’d been playing volleyball all morning.
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Practice
Grammar
past perfect continuous: use
• to describe a past action occurring before
something else happened
• to explain a past situation by describing what was
happening beforehand
“Last week, Tim returned from Madrid, where he had
been studying Spanish.”
“Ryan’s mother wasn’t pleased that he had been
playing football in the mud and rain.”
• Remember that we can’t use stative verbs such as
be and know with a __________
continuous form.
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar
Select the correct sentence
A I’m sick of paint! I’ve decorated the living room all
morning.
B I’m sick of paint! I’ve been decorating the living room
all morning. 
A Leo started his novel in May last year, and by the
time we met next, he had been writing it.
B Leo started his novel in May last year, and by the
time we met next, he had written it. 
For ECCE-level practice see
Oxford
Practice
Grammar