Transcript Word-building

WORD-BUILDING
Morpheme(s)
CONSTITUENTS OF WORDS
FREE
ROOTS
BOUND
AFFIXES
PREFIXES SUFFIXES INFIXES
STEM
DERIVATIONAL
FUNCTIONAL
NATIVE
BORROWED
PRODUCTIVE
NON-PRODUCTIVE
AFFIXATION
• SUFFIXATION • PREFIXATION
-ably = -able+ -ly
-ation = -ate + -ion
-ically =
-ic + -al + -ly
noun-forming: -er -or -ing -ness -ation/ -ion
(adaptation, formation, education, translation)
adjective-forming: -able (bearable, acceptable,
changeable) -less -ful –ic (historic, classic) -ish
(girlish, foolish) -y (noisy, silky, sleepy)
verb-forming: -ate (legate, advocate, magistrate)
-en (deepen, weaken, sadden, blacken) -fy/-ify
(beautify, intensify) -ize (organize, mobilize)
adverb-forming: -ly -ward (backward, foreward,
westward, homeward)
deverbal: -er -ing -ment (movement, entertainment) –able
denominal: -less -ish -ful -ist –ism –some (troublesome, irksome,
tiresome)
deadjectival: -en -ly -ish (greenish, reddish) –ness
agent of action: -er -ant (student, merchant, servant, peasant)
names of nationality, belonging to smth: -ish -an/-ian –ese
collectivity: -age (tonnage, acreage, breakage) -ery (machinery,
slavery, poetry, husbandry) -dom
absence /presence of quality: -less -ful
a special subgroup of feminine suf-es: -ess (hostess, poetess,
heiress, tigress, leopardess) -ine(a) (heroine, czarina) -ette (
farmerette, usherette)
diminutiveness: -ie/-y, -ey (Annie, Charley, deary, auntie -let (circlet,
oaklet, starlet, booklet) -ling (duckling, wolfling)
connotational characteristics: + emotional force, mainly
derogatory
OE ester: spinestre (та, что пряла) spinster, gangster, youngster
-ton: simpleton
-ard: stinkard
-ie: oldie
-ling: kingling worldling earthling
Stylistic reference: neutral
stylistically coloured
-oid, -form, -tron
(asteroid, cruciform, cyclotron)
PREFIXATION
~those not correlated with any independent word (either notional or
functional)
~ those correlated with any independent word (prepositions or
preposition-like adverbs):
out- over- up- under- after- in- byto overpass, over the river, to outline, to take smb.out
upstairs, to look up, undercurrent, under the table
afternoon, after the breakfast, byroad, by means of
deverbal: rewrite, outstay, overdo
denominal: unbutton, detrain, ex-president, uplift
deadjectival: uneasy, biannual, extraordinary
According to their denotational meaning
negative: un- < nat. in- im- ir- non-, ab- dis- < Rom.
a- < Gr.
non-stop, nonsense, abnormal, abuse, disunion,
disaffection, atheist, apathy, anonymous
opposition: anti- counter-(contra-, contro-)
antitype,
antithesis,
antitank,
counter-attack,
counterbalance
of time & order: fore- pre- post- exforetell, foreknowledge, prewar, postwar, ex-minister
repetition: relocative: super- sub- trans- inter- in- outsuperstructure, subdivision, intercontinental, transplant
pejorative: mis- mal- pseudomiscalculate, misinform, maltreat, pseudoclassical
Stylistic reference
neutral
stylistically coloured
ultra- uni- bi-
ultraviolet, unilateral, unilingual, bifocal
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS
1) morphemic: unwashedness 4 morphemes: 1 rootmorpheme, 3 affixational
girl—1 r-m.→ a root word
girlish—1 r-m. + 1 suf. → a derived word
girl-friend—2 r-m-s (stems)→ a compound word
old-maidish—2 stems + aff. → a compound derivative
2) derivational: unwashedness a derivative stem with 3
degrees of derivation
3) Immediate Constituents (IC):
unwashed + ness
un + washed
wash + ed
COMPOSITION
COMPOUNDS
degree of the semantic cohesion
Non-idiomatic
classroom, medium-sized, theatre-goer,
pocket-book, reading-hall, sleeping-car
Idiomatic
blackbird, football (not a ball but some
game), book-keeper, highway (not a way
but a broad main road used esp. by traffic
going from one town to another)
blackbird—some kind of bird
good-for-nothing—not a compliment
chatterbox, fuss-pot, blackmail
bluebottle:1) flower (василёк)
2) insect (муха трупная)
3) coll. cop
determining & determined parts
determinant & determinatum
• Endocentric • Exocentric
maidservant
looking-glass
green-grocer
night-school
killjoy
scarecrow
cutthroat
daredevil
pick-pocket
turncoat
start-back
die-hard
(iron.)—an
pick-up (iron.)—a chance acquaintance, a
prostitute
blackout—a period of complete darkness
hangover
Bahuvrihi
black-shirt
Adj. + Noun
fathead
highbrow
lazy-bones
Criteria
(criterion)
distinguishing
between
a
compound
&
a
wordcombination
Phonological
a uniting heavy stress
key-hole hot-house mad-doctor bedroom
blackbird
BUT: all, self—double even stress
′All-′Fools-Day
′self-′control
compound adjectives:
′blue-′eyed
′absent-′minded
′light-′hearted
Graphical
solid or hyphenated spelling
BUT:
headmaster
loudspeaker
matchbox
head-master
head master
loud-speaker
loud speaker
match-box match box
textbook, phrase-book, reference book
well-, ill- : 34% - separately, 66% hyphenated
man-made : 6% - separately, 82% hyphenated, 12% - solid.
Morphological
formal integrity of compounds
blackbird’s paw, shipwreck shipwrecks
≠ (the) wreck(s) of (a) ship(s)
BUT:
sweetheart & sweet heart
sweethearts & sweet hearts
Syntactical
grass-green very green grass
BUT:
very ≠ black market black list
blue-stocking & blue stocking
round-fish & round fish
Semantic
the integrity of a compound word
tallboy
slowcoach
BUT:
to rain cats & dogs
to pull one’s leg
SEMI-AFFIXES
man land berry proof worthy like —
as the 2nd element
~ very frequent as 2nd elements of w-s
for a long time (man, berry, land)
~ are unstressed,- [ə]
~ combining activity is very great
seaman airman spaceman policeman
horseman gentleman
ladylike, unladylike, manlike unbusinesslike,
suchlike, noteworthy, praiseworthy,
trustworthy, waterproof, shockproof,
bombproof, fire-proof, kissproof (about a
lipstick)
-monger, -wright (<OEmangere—a tradesman,
<OEwyrhta—a worker): fictionmonger,
fashionmonger, newsmonger, scandalmonger,
warmonger—have a strongly disparaging
character; playwright, shipwright,
wheelwright.
CONVERSION
Eye v & eye n
-S, -ED, -ED, -ING
-S, -’S, -S’
difference n > difference v
counterattack n > counterattack v
discomfort n > discomfort v
blacklist n > blacklist v
inconvenience n > inconvenience v
nightwatch n > nightwatch v
to blackmail
to honeymoon
to tiptoe
to nickname
to whitewash
to outline to hero-worship
to shipwreck to week-end
to double-cross
to streamline
to softpedal (смягчать)
to spotlight (осветить, поместить в
центр внимания)
~If anybody oranges me again
tonight, I’ll knock his face off
(O’Henry).
~Let me say in the beginning that even
if I wanted to avoid Texas I could not,
for I am wived in Texas & mother-inlawed & uncled & aunted & cousined
within an inch of my life (J.Steinbeck,
Travels with Charley).
N →V:to hand, to back, to monkey,
to stage, to nose, to room, to
honeymoon
V→N: a must, a chat, a talk, a fly, a
jump, a rush, a make
Adj→V: to pale, to cool, to rough, to
wet, to blind, to dirty, to narrow, to
wrong. But he retained my hand, & I
could not free it.
N→V
• the action peculiar to that, denoted by N: to ape,
to monkey, to wolf, to hound, to father;
• to act by means of that, denoted by N: to chain,
to finger, to water, to iron, to knife;
• to supply, cover with that, denoted by N: to
curtain, to dust, to shelter;
• to deprive of that, denoted by N: to dust, to
skin;
• to place to that denoted by N: to table, to
pocket, to house, to house, to barrack
V→N
• isolated action: jump, move, look;
• an acting object / subject: drill, dig,
help, switch, tramp;
• a place of action: ride, forge, drive,
walk, leak, show;
• an object / result of action: cut, find,
tear, peel, burn, catch, lift
Henry Marchand: mostly derogatory:
bore, cheat, flirt, scold, tease
BACK-FORMATION
to beg < beggar
to cobble < cobbler
to burgle < burglar to swindle < swindler
to butle < butler
to televise < television
to baby-sit < baby-sitter
to house-keep < house-keeper
to thought-read < thought-reader
to tape-record < tape-recorder
to beachcomb < beachcomber
to aggress
to automate
to enthuse
to reminisce
SHORTENING / CONTRACTION
lab< laboratory,
plane< airplane,
sub< submarine, subordinate,
subway, subaltern,
sublieutenant,subscription,
subscriber,substitute
1) final clipping (apocope):
advert<advertisement, doc<doctor,
vegs<vegetables, ed<editor, fab<fabulous,
mike<microphone, coke<coca-cola;
2)initial clipping (aphesis):
phone<telephone, cute<acute, cause<because,
story<history, chute<parachute, zza, ’rents,
’hood;
3) medial clipping (syncope):
specs<spectacles, maths<mathematics,
fancy<fantasy, ma’am<madam;
4) border clipping:
tec<detective, flu<influenza, fridge<refrigerator;
ABBREVIATION
U.N.O. [΄ju:nəu]<the United
Nations Organization
B.B.C.<the British Broadcasting
Corporation
U.N.E.S.C.O.<the United Nations
Educational, Scientific & Cultural
Organization
M.P.—the Member of Parliament
USA
UK
VIP
FBI
AIDS
HIV
PG
IPE
e.g.
ELLIPSIS
daily<daily newspaper, weekly<weekly
newspaper, sit down<sitdown
demonstration, put to sea<put the ship
to sea, pop<popular music, pub<public
house, vac<vacuum cleaner,
prefab< a prefabricated house/structure
BLENDING
brunch=breakfast+lunch
mimsy=miserable+flimsy
Oxbridge=Oxford+Cambridge
motel=motor+hotel
smog=smoke+fog
smaze=smoke+haze
galumph=gallop+triump
glaze=glare+gaze
fruice=fruit+juice
zebrule=zebra+mule
clash= clap + crash
slanguage=slang+language
transistor=transfer+resistor
disohol=diesel+alcohol
sitcom=situation+comedy
infortainment=information+entertainment
kissogram=kiss+telegram
netiquette=network+etiquette
ONOMATOPOEIA
SOUND-IMITATION
babble (журчать) blob (капать) bubble
(пузыриться)
flush (бить струёй, хлынуть)
gush (хлынуть, литься, разразиться потоком)
gurgle (журчать, булькать)
splash (брызгаться, плескаться, шлёпать по грязи)
swish (рассекать воздух со свистом; шелестеть,
шуршать) sizzle (шипеть при жаренье, запекании,
сжигании)
whirr 1)шуметь (о машинах и т. п.);
2) проноситься с шумом, свистом;
3) жужжать, стрекотать
whirl (нестись, мчаться, проноситься)
~ mew / meow bark hiss buzz cuckoo cock-adoodle-doo
~ bang!
fie! Hush!
Pooh!
~ babble (бормотать, лепетать) chatter giggle,
titter (хихикать)murmur (шептать, ворчать)
whisper mutter (бормотать) grunt (ворчать,
мычать) grumble (ворчать, жаловаться)
whine (скулить, хныкать, плакаться, подвывать)
SOUND-INTERCHANGE
food—feed blood—bleed
speak—speech
life—live
prove—proof full—fill
breathe — breath
strong—strength
long—length
broad — breadth
DISTINCTIVE STRESS
STRESS-INTERCHANGE
conduct—to conduct accent—to accent
compress—to compress import—to
import export—to export
present—to present
contrast—to contrast
increase—to
increase
frequent—to frequent
SIMPLIFICATION
OF THE STEM
lady < hlᴂfdige
lord < hlaford
woman < wifman
window < vindauga
breakfast < break + fast
daisy < dæges eage
gossip < godsibb
forehead < forheafod
kidnap < kid + nap (nab)
boatswain < batswegen