Transcript Reactive Materials in Mines and Demolitions Systems

Unclassified
Reactive Materials in Mines and Demolitions Systems
Mark Cvetnic
Technical Director of Advanced Programs
ATK Missile Systems
4700 Nathan Lane North
Plymouth, MN 55442-2512
(763) 744-5184
[email protected]
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Reactive Materials in Mines
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Improved lethality – reactive
materials improve performance
against personnel and vehicles.
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“Dial-a-yield” effects – Tiered response reactive materials in a blast weapon can tailor
the blast effect to range from non-lethal
(disorientation / discomfort / incapacitation) to
lethal force.
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Reactive Material in Demolitions
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Road Cratering– smaller binary
shaped charge jets can create the
same hole as the current two stage
demolition system (shaped charge jet
for hole drilling and C-4 for enlarging
hole and upheaval of debris).
•
Material Defeat – Shoulder fired
systems that can defeat bunkers
without penetrating. Increased target
set and effectiveness of SLAM.
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Reactive Materials (RM)
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What is a Reactive Material? – Any composition
that is compatible with explosives, shock initiated,
and has dependable release of energy (rate and
amount).
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Intermetallics – SHS reactions – Metals + Al, C or B
– Primary Reaction: metal + metal = alloy + heat
– Secondary Reaction: alloy + oxygen = oxide + heat
Thermites – Metal + Metal Oxide
– High reaction temperatures, no gas.
Metal / Halogen – Al + Teflon reaction
– Key focus area of reactive fragments.
Ultra Fine Aluminum Particles – nano-energetics
– Used with AP or KP to form rocket propellants.
Metal Hydrides – AlH3 and TiH4.
– Use compounds with hydrogen to as energy
carriers.
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Control of RM Reaction Rates.
Explosive energy – high pressure short duration
Reactive A – stoichiometric mix with small
particles designed to minimize total reaction time.
Reactive B – stoichiometric mix with larger
particles designed to increase total reaction time
from Reactive A.
Reactive C – fuel rich mix designed to maximize
total reaction time.
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Why control the rate of oxidation? – To tailor the peak pressure and
duration of the blast wave to maximize vulnerability of target.
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Generic Pressure – Impulse Curves for target
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Blast wave interaction with target
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Diffraction Loading – differences of pressure occurs when blast wave passes. Function of
overpressure. Coupling is optimum when blast wave duration is ¼ the natural frequency of
target. Light weight targets are most susceptible.
Drag Coupling – Targets damaged due to drag loading of rapid moving air. Drag load
damage increases when duration (impulse) of blast increases. Harder targets more
susceptible.
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Bowen PI Curves for Personnel
1% Survival
50% Survival
Damage Threshold
Peak Over Pressure (psi)
1000
100
10
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Over Pressure Pulse Duration (milliseconds)
Data shown are human tolerance predictions for a 70-kg man in a free-stream blast wave (References 1 and 2).
1
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Gibson, Philip W., “Blast Overpressure and Survivability Calculations for Various Sizes of Explosive
Charges,” United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick,
Massachusetts, Report Number Natick/TR-95-003 (DTIC Accession Number AD-A286212), November 1994.
White, C.S., et al., “The Biodynamics of Airblast,” Defense Nuclear Agency, Report Number DNA2738T, July
1971.
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RM in Blast / Fragmentation warheads
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Reactive materials, used in conjunction with variable initiation schemes, can
tailor the blast / fragmentation warhead effects:
• Lethal fragments patterns using reactive fragments.
• Lethal blast combining the blast from the explosives and the reactive fragments.
• Non-lethal blast – using the explosives and reactive fragments to create
incapacitating blast wave.
• Non-lethal discomfort – high temperature impulse, with low pressure blast, create
discomfort zone.
• Non-lethal disorientation – explosives and reactive materials to create high
intensity light
ATK’s goal is a single RM blast / fragmentation warhead that can be tailored to deliver a tiered
response from disorientation to discomfort to incapacitation to lethal.
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Effects of RM in AP mines
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Non-Lethal Blast Effects
• The energy release from reactive materials can be tailored to react and emit
specific bands of light that cause temporary flash blindness
• The longer reaction rates of reactive materials can produce significant heat and
sustained low pressures (large impulse) that can cause discomfort and
disorientation
“Dial-a-yield” effects – Tiered response - reactive materials in a blast weapon can
tailor the blast effect to range from non-lethal incapacitation to lethal force.
Non-Lethal
Lethal
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Lethal Effects of RM in mines
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RM Fragmentation Lethal Effects
• Equivalent Kinetic Energy as steel fragments - Current generation ATK Thiokol
reactive materials have same density as steel, thus giving RM fragmentation
weapons the same fragment kinetic energy.
• Additional Chemical Energy from RM event –reactive fragments can produce a
large amount of chemical energy in the form of temperature, light and/or pressure.
Blast Lethal Effects
• Thermobaric - reactive materials can enhance the blast wave of conventional
explosives.
Reactive fragment event in test chamber
Thermobaric event in open
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RM in Explosively Formed Penetrators
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Improved Performance
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Kinetic Energy
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Multiple Penetrators
Chemical Energy
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Overpressure
Temperature
Impact of Reactive EFP on concrete wall
Reactive EFP vs. Fuel Drum
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Reactive Material Shaped Charge Jet
Flamethrower & Fuel Air Explosive –
same fuel and oxidizer, different methods
of delivery.
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How to control energy release in a RM SCJ
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Reaction rates in explosives are controlled by:
• Fuel type, size, and distribution
• Oxidizer type, size, and distribution
• Binder
RM SCJ are dynamic and additional parameters must be examined:
• Fuel size and distribution are function of liner material and process used to create jet.
• Oxidizer size and distribution function of jet interaction
Jet & Oxidizer
Interaction
Fuel Choice
& SCJ Process
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Range of RM SCJ tested
Slow reaction rates
•Maximum Penetration
•Minimal Overpressure
•Minor improvement over inert SCJ
Medium reaction rates
•Maintain penetration
•Significant overpressure damage
•Best suited for bunker defeat
Fast Reaction Rates
•Minimum Penetration
•Maximum Overpressure
•Best suited for cratering
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RM SCJ Bunker Defeat
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Improved Effects
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Thermobaric Reaction after Reactive SCJ penetrates concrete wall
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Penetration
Overpressure
Impulse
Heat / Temperature
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Binary Road Cratering System
Shaped Charge Jet
Conical
Diameter = 7.87 inches
Explosive weight = 11.65
lbs
Oxidizer
Entrainment system
Target – Concrete Slab with rebar
8 ft wide
+24 ft long
5 ½ inches thick with soil underneath.
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Crater formed by binary system
Damage to Target
Crater Diameter > eight feet
Crater Depth = 52 inches
•Depth of hole and upheaval of concrete demonstrates energy release of SCJ.
•Potential for Road Cratering demonstrated.
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Contributions to this effort
Aveka Inc
ATK Ordnance and Ground Systems
Battelle
Lawrence Livermore
National Labs.
ARDEC – Picatinny
Arsenal
General Science Inc
ATK Thiokol Propulsion
NAVSEA - Dahlgren
Aerospace Group Headquarters
ATK Thiokol Propulsion
ATK Composites
ATK Missile Systems
ATK Ammunition and Powder
NAVAIR - China Lake
Sigma Labs
Los Alamos
National Labs
Technanogy
Mike Matthews
Consultant
AFRL HERD
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Questions?
Mark Cvetnic
Technical Director of Advanced Programs
ATK Missile Systems
4700 Nathan Lane North
Plymouth, MN 55442-2512
(763) 744-5184
[email protected]
Approved for Public Release (03-S-1859)
Unclassified