Transcript Implementation of EU AQ legislation in the Czech Republic (J Fiala)

IMPLEMENTATION OF EU AQ LEGISLATION
IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
J. FIALA
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Prague, Czech Republic
Air Pollution in CR in the Last Decade
SO2
•
3000
-3
120
2500
100
2000
80
1500
60
1000
40
500
20
0
0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Emission of Primary PM
SO2 Emissions
NOx Emissions
NH3 Emissions
Ostrava Region mean
Northw est Region mean
Prague mean
TSP
Emissions of Primary + Secondary Aerosol
Precursors
(1000 t/year)
140
SPM concentration / µg.m
(territorial average)
Democratic changes in the CR have
enforced also the improvement of
environment
=>Adoption of environmentally friendly
legislation
• Privatization, restructuring of
economy (decline from heavy
industry), liberalisation of prices of
energy
 Implementation of necessary
abatement measures
(desulphurization of large power
plants, gasification etc.)
 Air emissions and consequently
ambient air concentrations of basic
pollutants (SO2, PM and NOx) have
decreased remarkably in the Czech
Republic after 1990
EU Enlargement and Environment
• EU Enlargement is an important stimulus also for
further improvement of the environment in CEEC
• The accession process requires the adoption of the
European environmental legislation
=> Transposition and implementation of EU legislation
into the national legislation to be in a compliance
with the EU environmental laws
Approximation of AQ Legislation
• Accession countries have been facing to transpose
and implement more than a dozen of EU AQ related
directives and regulations:
– Integrated Pollution Prevention Control
– National Emission Ceiling and
– Air Emission related directives
• In ambient air quality transposition and
implementation of:
• Framework Directive 96/62/EC
• Daughter Directives 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC and
2002/3/EC
• Exchange of Information (EoI) Decision
97/101/EC
• Approximation of EU legislation led in the CEE
candidate countries to the adoption of new clean air
acts
New Clean Air Act in CR
• On 1 June 2002 new Clean Air Act (CAA) No. 86/2002
Coll. came into force
• About five Regulations and for Decrees transpose the
directives of NEC, AE and AQ (and IPPC)
• The new legislation fully reflects the requirements of the
EU air protection directives
• Regulation No. 350/2002 Coll. setting new air pollution
limit values came into force on 14 August 2002
• This Regulation brings also the stricter limit value for
cadmium in comparison with the limit value set by the
preceding Decree of 1991 and introduces also the limit
values for arsenic, nickel, mercury and benzo(a)pyrene
Harmonization of air quality monitoring
• Daughter Directives (99/30/EC, 2000/69/EC,
2002/3/EC) specify the detailed minimum requirements
concerning
–the site selection for monitoring stations,
–basic requirements as concerns criteria on
localities both at micro- and macro-scale, traffic sites
–data quality objectives,
–general requirements for AQ assessment
procedures
• During the year 2003 the national air quality monitoring
network reflecting requirements of CAA is being
innovated (monitoring of PM2.5 , extension of monitoring
of benzene etc.)
Areas with Deteriorated Air Quality
(Non-attainment Areas)
• The new AQ Directives require that the member
states divide their territories into zones and
agglomerations as basic units for air quality
management
• The Clean Air Act introduces the term areas with
deteriorated air quality ~ non-attainment areas
• These are the areas with the exceedance of the
values of one or more air pollution limit values
• The identification of the non-attainment areas is a
necessary prerequisite for the preparation of action
plans and plans for air quality improvement in these
areas
Agglomerations in CR
• Special AQ protection is required in agglomerations (inhabited
areas with the population of at least 250 000)
Agglomeration
Praha
Ostrava
Ústí nad
Labem
Brno
Total
Number of
population
Cities involved into the proposed
agglomeration
1 217 023
576 958
Praha
Ostrava, Karviná, Havířov, Český Těšín
Ústí n. L., Děčín, Teplice, Most, Chomutov,
Litvínov, Klášterec n. O., Kadaň
Brno
517 413
390 112
2 701 506
• Air quality assessment in these areas will be determined mainly
on the basis of regular and quality measurements
Mapping of territorial distribution of air pollution
levels
• Delimitation of non-attainment areas by mapping
• Objective interpolation of point measurement
• Representativeness of monitoring sites
• Mapping involves assimilation procedures of
model results with measured values
(spatially disaggregated emission inventories)
Mapping of Emission Fluxes of Primary
PM, HM and PAHS
As emissions
PAHs
emissions
from 5x5
km grid
Cdfrom
specific
5x5emissions
km grid
PM specific emissions
AQ Assessment-Health Protection, SO2
Time Courses of SO2 Air Pollution
Characteristics
AQ Assessment-Health Protection, PM10
Time Courses of PM10 AP Characteristics
Of the total number of 121 stations at which PM10 measurements are carried out, 57 stations
reported exceedences of 24-hour PM10 limit value, while 29 stations of them reported also
exceedences of the limit value including the margins of tolerance
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - PM10
36th highest 24-hour PM10 concentrations, 2002
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - PM10, 2. stage
Annual average PM10 concentrations, 2002. 2. stage LV
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - NOx
Annual average and 19th highest 1-hour concentrations of NOx as selected stations in 1992-2002.
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - Ozone
76th highest maximum of daily 8-hour moving average concentration of ozone, 2000–2002
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - Cadmium
Annual mean concentrations of Cadmium, 2002
AQ with Respect to Limit Values for Health - BaP
Annual mean concentrations of BaP, 2002
Non-attainment Areas
(Areas with Deteriorated Air Quality)
Health Protection
Summary AQ Characterisation
=> % of population within zones (areas) where limit values (and LV +
MT) for protection of health are exceeded (AQ Indicator)
% population
25,00
0,30
0,10
0,40
2,00
0,40
% of population
AQ
1998 in areas
1999 with
2000deteriorated
2001
2002
50
Charakteristika
40
SO2-24H
PM10-24H+RP
30
NO2-RP
20
10
0
CO-8H
Benzen-RP
Cd- RP
O3-8H
1998
PM10
% populace ~° AQIh,x
2,55
34,37
0,33
-----
1999
BaP
NO2
0,2
21,1
0,25
-----
2000
SO2
CO
0
10,768
0,287
0,575
3,189
0,451
56,654
0,10
0,20
22,10
24,50
0,30
0,30
0,40
0,35
2,10
2,20
0,50
0,50
2001
Benzene
2002
Cd
% of population in areas classified according to EU DD, protection of public health
Non-attainment Areas
(Areas with Deteriorated Air Quality, (1DD + 3DD))
Protection of Vegetation an Ecosystems
Conclusions of AQ Assessment
 More than 64% of population is exposed to ozone concentrations
exceeding the target limit values.
 Air pollution caused by suspended particles (PM10 fraction) exceeds
the limit values including the margins of tolerance.
 The areas in which PM10 concentrations exceed the limit values are
inhabited by more than 23 % inhabitants. In 1998 this share amounted
even to more than 34 %.
 PM10 limit values for 2010 are exceeded on more than 75 % of the
territory.
 Benzo(a)pyrene limit value is exceeded on more than 3 % of the CR with
more than 20 % of population.
The problem of exceeding concentrations of suspended particles should be
solved both at local and regional levels, especially by measures aimed
at the reduction of emissions caused by transport.
High share of secondary particles shows that the necessary reduction of
PM10 concentrations will be feasible only by further reduction of
emissions of the precursors (NOx, SO2, VOC) of secondary particles of
atmospheric aerosol.
Further emission reduction of NOx and VOC emissions at large scale is the
only way how to reduce the environmental loads caused by exceeding
ground-level ozone concentrations.
Programs and Plans for AQ Management
• National Emission Reduction Program is being prepared
to achieve NECs for SO2, NOX, VOCs and NH3 by 2010.
• Under these national plans, regional emission reduction
programs are being prepared for each of 14 Czech
regions.
• These programs cover all pollutants for which either ECs
or ambient AQ limit values are laid down.
• In accordance with the FWD, additional regional air
quality management programs are being prepared for
pollutants with exceeded limit values.
• Integrated permitting according to the IPPC directive is a
major tool of air quality management.
• All the programs to be completed before the date of
accession of the Czech Republic to the EU, i.e. before
May 1, 2004.