Transcript Document
Heat Equations
of Change II
Outline
7. Heat Equations of Change
7.1. Derivation of Basic Equations
7.1.1. Differential Equation for Heat Conduction
7.1.2. Energy Equation
7.1.3. Buckingham Pi Method
7.2. Unsteady-state Conduction
7.2.1. Gurney-Lurie Charts
7.2.2. Lumped Systems Analysis
Quiz β 2014.02.14
An electrically heated resistance wire has a diameter of 2
mm and a resistance of 0.10 ohm per foot of wire. The
thermal conductivity of the wire is 20 W/m·K. At a
current of 100 A, calculate the steady state temperature
difference between the center and surface of the wire.
TIME IS UP!!!
From the previous lectureβ¦
Exercise!
A 10-cm diameter nickel-steel sphere has a
thermal conductivity, k = 10 W/m-K. Within the
sphere, 800 W/m3 of heat is being generated.
The surrounding air is at 20°C and the heat
transfer coefficient from the surroundings to the
surface of the sphere is 10 W/m2-K. What is the
temperature at the center of the sphere?
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution!
Energy Equation:
π·π
ππΆπ
= β π» β π β π β π»π
π·π‘
In spherical coordinates:
For solids with
generation
π·π
πππ
= ππ» 2 π + π
π·π‘
+π
We are left with:
1 π
ππ
2
0=π 2
π
π ππ
ππ
Because T depends on r only:
π
ππ
ππ 2
2
0=
π
+
ππ
ππ
π
+π
From the
Energy Equation
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution! Another way!!
Differential Equation
of Heat Conduction:
π» 2π
π 1 ππ
+ =
π πΌ ππ‘
In spherical coordinates:
1 π
ππ
1
π
ππ
1
π 2 π π 1 ππ
2
π
+ 2
sin π
+ 2 2
+ =
π 2 ππ
ππ
π sin π ππ
ππ
π sin π ππ 2 π πΌ ππ‘
We are left with:
1 π
ππ
π
2
0= 2
π
+
π ππ
ππ
π
Because T depends on r only:
π
ππ
ππ 2 From the Diff. Eqn
2
0=
π
+
ππ
ππ
π of Heat Conduction
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution! Another way again!!
The Shell:
Overall Shell Heat Balance:
Rate of Heat IN:
4ππ 2 ππ
Rate of Heat OUT:
4ππ 2 ππ
Generation:
4ππ 2 βπ π
π
π+βπ
Adding the terms and dividing 4πβπ:
π 2 ππ
2
β
π
ππ
π+βπ
βπ
π
= ππ 2
π 2
π ππ = ππ 2
ππ
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution! Another way again!!
The Shell:
Overall Shell Heat Balance:
Rate of Heat IN:
4ππ 2 ππ
Rate of Heat OUT:
4ππ 2 ππ
Generation:
4ππ 2 βπ π
π
π+βπ
Inputting Fourierβs Law:
π
ππ
2
β
π π
= ππ 2
ππ
ππ
π 2
π ππ = ππ 2
ππ
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution! Another way again!!
The Shell:
Overall Shell Heat Balance:
Rate of Heat IN:
4ππ 2 ππ
Rate of Heat OUT:
4ππ 2 ππ
Generation:
4ππ 2 βπ π
π
π+βπ
Inputting Fourierβs Law:
π
ππ
2
β
π π
= ππ 2
ππ
ππ
2
π
ππ
ππ
From the Overall
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π Shell Heat Balance
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution! Apparentlyβ¦
Using any method below, we can
obtain the same ODE to solve!!
Increasing
range of
applicability of
the method
2
π
ππ
ππ
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π
From the
Energy Equation
2 From the Diff. Eqn
π
ππ
ππ
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π of Heat Conduction
2
π
ππ
ππ
From the Overall
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π Shell Heat Balance
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution!
The next step is to solve the ODE and
define boundary conditions.
Integrating twice:
ππ 2 πΆ1
π(π) = β
β + πΆ2
6π
π
Boundary conditions:
ππ‘ π = 0,
ππ‘ π = π
, π
ππ ππ πππππ‘π
ππ
= β ππππ β π π
ππ
2
π
ππ
ππ
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π
From the
Energy Equation
2 From the Diff. Eqn
π
ππ
ππ
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π of Heat Conduction
2
π
ππ
ππ
From the Overall
0=
π2
+
ππ
ππ
π Shell Heat Balance
A Comparison Between Methods
Solution!
Applying the
boundary
conditions:
π
π = 10
ππΎ
π
β = 10 2
π πΎ
ππ
2
π
π π = ππππ +
1β
6π
π
π
= 0.05 π
π
π = 800 3
π
ππππ = 20°πΆ
2
ππ
+
3β
Final Answer:
21.37°C
Outline
7. Heat Equations of Change
7.1. Derivation of Basic Equations
7.1.1. Differential Equation for Heat Conduction
7.1.2. Energy Equation
7.1.3. Buckingham Pi Method
7.2. Unsteady-state Conduction
7.2.1. Gurney-Lurie Charts
7.2.2. Lumped Systems Analysis
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example!
Consider a flat slab of thickness L
with an initial temperature of T0.
It is later submerged in a large
fluid with temperature T1 (> T0).
Neglecting surface resistance
(infinite h), determine the
temperature at the center of the
slab at any time t.
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example!
What do we expect to
happen?
β’ The surface temp. is held at
T1. (because of infinite h)
β’ Temperature profile at any
time is symmetrical
β’ Unidirectional (x only) heat
flow only
β’ The temp. at the center, T0,
slowly approaches T1.
T0
T1
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example! Solution:
Differential Equation
of Heat Conduction:
With the assumptions:
π»2π
π 1 ππ
+ =
π πΌ ππ‘
ππ
π2π
=πΌ
ππ‘
ππ₯ 2
Initial and Boundary conditions:
Initial:
Boundary:
T0
T1
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example! Solution:
To facilitate solving,
we will make this
dimensionless!
Implications:
2
ππ
π π
=πΌ
ππ‘
ππ₯ 2
Let: Y = dimensionless temp.
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
*The choice of definition
of Y is arbitrary.
ππ
β1 ππ
=
ππ‘ π1 β π0 ππ‘
ππ
β1 ππ
=
ππ₯ π1 β π0 ππ₯
π2π
β1 π 2 π
=
2
ππ₯
π1 β π0 ππ₯ 2
ππ
π2π
β π1 β π0
= βπΌ π1 β π0
ππ‘
ππ₯ 2
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example! Solution:
To facilitate solving,
we will make this
dimensionless!
Implications:
1
ππ = ππ₯
πΏ
2
ππ
π π
=πΌ
ππ‘
ππ₯ 2
Let: X = dimensionless length
π₯
π=
πΏ
*The choice of definition
of X is arbitrary.
ππ 2
1
=
ππ₯
πΏ
2
1
= 2 ππ₯ 2
πΏ
ππ πΌ π 2 π
= 2 2
ππ‘ πΏ ππ
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example! Solution:
To facilitate solving,
we will make this
dimensionless!
ππ πΌ π 2 π
= 2
ππ‘ πΏ ππ 2
Let: Ο = dimensionless time
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
*The choice of definition
of Ο is arbitrary.
Implications:
πΌ
ππ = 2 ππ‘
πΏ
ππ π 2 π
=
ππ ππ 2
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Example! Solution:
DIMENSIONLESS
FORM:
ππ
π2π
=
ππ
ππ 2
Previous IC & BC:
Easier to solve and no
worries with units!
New IC & BC:
π = 1,
π = 0,
π = 0,
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
π₯
π=
πΏ
π = 0,
π = π,
π = π,
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
π=π
π=0
π=1
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
A new dimensionless numberβ¦
Dim. Group
Fourier, Fo
Ratio
Rate of heat conduction/
Rate of heat storage
Rate of heat
conduction:
π
πΏ3
Rate of heat
storage:
πππ πΏ3 /π‘
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
π₯
π=
πΏ
Equation
πΌπ‘
πΏ2
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Going backβ¦
DIMENSIONLESS
FORM:
ππ
π2π
=
ππ
ππ 2
T0
New IC & BC:
π = 1,
π = 0,
π = 0,
π = 0,
π = π,
π = π,
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
T1
π=π
π=0
π=1
π₯
π=
πΏ
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
1-D Transient Heat Conduction
Going backβ¦
DIMENSIONLESS
FORM:
New IC & BC:
π = 1,
π = 0,
π = 0,
π2π
ππ
=
ππ
ππ 2
π = 0,
π = π,
π = π,
Solution: (A Fourier series)
4
π(π, π) =
π
β
2 π2 π
β
2π+1
π
π=0
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
2π + 1
sin 2π + 1 ππ
π₯
π=
πΏ
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
π=π
π=0
π=1
Gurney-Lurie Charts
Gurney-Lurie Charts
- plots of the dimensionless
temperature Y against Fo with
varying Bi and X for different
geometries.
- Each point in the curves are
solutions to the PDE involving
heat conduction + convection.
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
π₯
π=
πΏ
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
Gurney-Lurie Charts
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
For flat plates with convection
Geankoplis, Figure 5.3-6
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
Bi
Gurney-Lurie Charts
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
For long cylinders with convection
Geankoplis, Figure 5.3-8
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
Bi
Gurney-Lurie Charts
π1 β π
π=
π1 β π0
For solid spheres with convection
Geankoplis, Figure 5.3-10
πΌπ‘
π= 2
πΏ
Bi
Gurney-Lurie Charts
How do we compute the Biot Numbers for
different geometries?
Recall: Biot Number
βπ₯1 Characteristic length:
π΅π =
Volume/Surface Area
π
From a while agoβ¦
Recall this exercise:
A 10-cm diameter nickel-steel sphere has a thermal
conductivity, k = 10 W/m-K. Within the sphere, 800
W/m3 of heat is being generated. The surrounding air
is at 20°C and the heat transfer coefficient from the
surroundings to the surface of the sphere is 10 W/m2K. What is the temperature at the center of the
sphere?
From a while agoβ¦
Recall this exercise:
A 10-cm diameter nickel-steel sphere has a thermal
conductivity, k = 10 W/m-K. Within the sphere, 800
W/m3of heat is being generated.The sphere, initially at
T0 = 30°C, is suddenly submerged into a fluidβ¦
The surrounding air is at π»β = ππ°πͺand the heat
transfer coefficient from the surroundings to the
surface of the sphere is 10 W/m2-K. What is the
temperature at the center of the sphere across time?
From a while agoβ¦
To solve the new problem:
Differential Equation
of Heat Conduction:
π 1 ππ
π» π+ =
π πΌ ππ‘
2
In spherical coordinates:
1 π
ππ
1
π
ππ
1
π 2 π π 1 ππ
2
π
+ 2
sin π
+ 2 2
+ =
π 2 ππ
ππ
π sin π ππ
ππ
π sin π ππ 2 π πΌ ππ‘
Steps:
1. Turn the remaining PDE into
dimensionless form.
2. Solve analytically for T(r, t).
But there is an
easier way!
Lumped Systems Analysis
Letβs assume that the sphere is too
small for conduction to matter. The
temperature distribution inside the
sphere can, therefore, be assumed
uniform!
Heat Balance:
π
ππ‘π ππ βπππ‘ ππππ€ πππ‘π
π
ππ‘π ππ πππππππ π ππ
π ππππ ππ π£πππ’ππ π π‘βπππ’πβ = πππ‘πππππ ππππππ¦ ππ
πππ’πππππ¦ π π’ππππππ π΄
π ππππ ππ π£πππ’ππ π
Initial Condition:
π π‘ = π0 ,
π‘=0
π΄β πβ β π π‘
ππ(π‘)
= πππ π
ππ‘
ππ(π‘)
π΄β
=
πβ β π π‘
ππ‘
πππ π
Lumped Systems Analysis
Initial Condition:
π π‘ = π0 ,
π‘=0
ππ(π‘)
π΄β
=
πβ β π π‘
ππ‘
πππ π
ππ π‘
π΄β
=
ππ‘
πβ β π(π‘) πππ π
Integrating and
plugging the IC:
πβ β π(π‘)
π΄βπ‘
β ln
=
πβ β π0
πππ π
Rearranging:
π(π‘) β πβ
βπ΄βπ‘
= exp
π0 β πβ
πππ π
Lumped Systems Analysis
Temperature Profile at the center
of the sphere across time:
π(π‘) β πβ
= π βπ΅ππΉπ
π0 β πβ
Rearranging:
βπ΅π πΉπ
ββ π π΄
π
π
π‘
πππ π π΄
π(π‘) β πβ
βπ΄βπ‘
= exp
π0 β πβ
πππ π
2
Lumped Systems Analysis
Temperature Profile at the center
of the sphere across time:
π(π‘) β πβ
= π βπ΅ππΉπ
π0 β πβ
This Lumped System Analysis is
sufficiently accurate only when
Bi < 0.1.
Checking:
Given:
π
π = 10
ππΎ
π
β = 10 2
π πΎ
π
2 π 0.05 π
π
π΅π =
= 0.0167 < 0.1
π
3
10
ππΎ
10
π
= 0.05 π
π0 = 30°πΆ
πβ = 20°πΆ
Valid!!
Lumped Systems Analysis
For review:
A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room where T = 20°C. The
temperature of the body was measured at 25°C when found. The heat
transfer coefficient is estimated to be 0.8 W/m2K. Estimate the time of
death assuming:
(1) The body can be modeled as a 30-cm diameter, 1.7-m long cylinder.
(2) The thermal properties of the body and the heat transfer are
constant.
(3) The body temperature was 37°C at the time of death.
(4) Since the human body has almost the same properties of water at
the average temperature of 31°C: k = 0.617 W/mK, density = 996
kg/m3, and cp = 4178 J/kgK.
(5) Radiation effects are negligible.