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NOUN DEFINITION OF NOUNS Semantic properties Meaning Grammatical categories Morphological information Gender Prefixes Number Suffixes Case SEMANTIC PROPERTIES SEMANTIC PROPERTIES • Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, idea etc. • Classification of nouns: • Proper nouns and common nouns • Countable and uncountable nouns • Concrete, abstract and collective nouns INFLUENCES IN ENGLISH WORDS WITH INTERESTING ORIGINS • Biro ‘ball-point pen’, named after László Bíró, its Hungarian inventor • Boycott ‘refuse to deal with’ after a landlord in Ireland who made himself unpopular by his treatment of his tenants and was socially isolated • Braille ‘writing system for blind people’ after Louis Braille, its French inventor • Mentor ‘loyal and wise adviser’ from Mentor, friend of Odysseus • Pamphlet ‘a small leaflet’ from a character Pamphilus, in a 12th century love poem • Tawdry ‘cheap and tasteless’ from St Audrey, at whose annual fair in the town of Ely, near Cambridge, cheap gaudy scarves were sold trilby bowler busby stetson mackintosh cardigan leotard wellington COUNTABLE – UNCOUNTABLE container usually made of typical contents bag cloth, paper, plastic sweets, shopping, letters barrel wood and metal wine, beer basin pottery, metal ingredients for making a cake basket canes, rushes shopping, clothes, waste paper bottle glass, plastic milk, lemonade, wine bowl china, glass, wood fruit, soup, sugar box cardboard, wood matches, tools, toys, chocolates bucket metal, plastic sand, water can tin coca cola, beer carton card milk, yoghurt, 20 packets of cigarettes case leather, wood jewellery, spectacles crate wood, plastic bottles container usually made of typical contents glass glass milk, lemonade, wine jar glass, pottery jam, honey, olives, instant coffee jug pottery milk, cream, water mug pottery tea, coffee, cocoa pack card cards, six cans of coca cola packet card, paper cigarettes, tea, biscuits, juice, cereal pan metal food that is being cooked pot metal, pottery food, plant sack cloth, plastic coal, rubbish tin tin peas, baked beans, fruit tub wood, zinc, card flowers, rainwater, icecream tube soft metal, plastic toothpaste, paint, ointment WORDS OF LATIN ORIGIN • Cent, century, centennial, centigrade, centipede – centum ’hundred’ • Pedal, peddler, pedestrian, pedicab, pedicure – pede ’foot’ • Manual, manacle, manicure, manipulate, manuscript – manus ’hand’ WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN Three Greek words often found in English: • autos ’self’ • bios ’life’ • graphein ’write’ ORIGIN OF THE WORD DISASTER In ancient times, people believed that the stars had an effect on their lives. When something like an earthquake or flood occurred, they were sure it happened because someone disobeyed the will of the stars. As a result, such events became known as disasters (dis ’opposite , against’ + aster ’star’) GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES Inflection Number Gender Case Singular Masculine Subjective Plural Feminine Objective Possessive 1) PLURAL regular other plurals -(e)s irregular -ves foreign compound nouns SPELLING RULES -s -es Most nouns e.g. book – books, rope – ropes Nouns ending in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z e.g. bus – buses, box – boxes Nouns ending in vowel + y e.g. day – days, guy – guys Consonant + y e.g. baby – babies Nouns ending in –o e.g. photo – photos solo – solos EXEPT cargo – cargoes hero – heroes domino – dominoes potato – potatoes echo – echoes tomato - tomatoes Nouns ending in –f e.g. belief – beliefs cliff – cliffs roof – roofs EXEPT -f -ves (12 nouns) calf – calves loaf – loaves half – halves self – selves leaf – leaves shelf – shelves elf – elves thief – thieves knife – knives wife – wives life – lives wolf – wolves consonant + ies PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS Most compound nouns form plural by adding –(e)s to the second element • Noun + noun – -s to the second (armchairs, bedrooms) BUT men-servants, men’s clubs, debtors’ prison • Noun + prepositional phrase (mothers-in-law, editors-in-chief) • When only one of the components is a noun, -s is added to it (lookers-on, passers-by) • When there is no noun, -s is added to the last word (forget-me-nots, good-for-nothings) IRREGULAR PLURALS (1) • Mutation – change of the stem vowel (7 nouns) man – men foot – feet woman – women tooth – teeth mouse – mice goose – geese louse – lice penny – pence • -en plurals (come from OE) ox – oxen, child – children, brother – brethren IRREGULAR PLURALS (2) • Uninflected plurals (one form for both singular and plural) deer, sheep, swine; cod, mackarel, pike, plaice, salmon, trout • Words that look singular but are plural cattle, clergy, people, police • Mass nouns (mud, music, peace) – have no plural because they name things that can't readily be counted • Nouns that look plural, but are singular news, physics, politics, darts • Pluralia tantum – nouns that show up only in the plural scissors, jeans, congratulations FOREIGN PLURALS • Latin and Greek plurals • • • • • • • -um -us -ex, -ix -is -on -a -ies -a (stratum – strata) -a, -i (corpus – corpora, radius – radii) -ices (appendix – appendices) -es (basis – bases) -a (phenomenon – phenomena) -ae (formula – formulae) -ies (species – species) • Non-classical • -eau -eaux (beau – beaux) DOUBLE PLURALS (SOME DIFFERENCE OF MEANING) • brother • brothers – sons of one mother • brethren – members of one community • cloth • cloths – kind of cloth • clothes – articles of dress • die • dies – metal stamps for making money • dices – cubes used in games • penny • pennies – number of coins • pence – amount of pennies in value Gender Masculine Feminine Common Neutral 2) GENDER 1. Masculine gender: It refers to a male character or member of a species. Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor are nouns of masculine gender. Example: • A boy is playing in the play-ground. • Hero of the movie is not a native of this country. 2. Feminine gender: It refers to a female member of a species. Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow and actress are few of the feminine-gender nouns that we use. Example: • A girl is playing in the play-ground. • Heroine of the movie is not a native of this country. 3. Common gender: If it refers to a member of species which can be a male or a female: child, student, friend, applicant, candidate, servant, member, parliamentarian and leader are few of the common-gender nouns. Example: • A child is playing in the play-ground. • A Parliamentarian should have command over his language. 4. Neuter gender: It refers to a member of a species which is neither a male nor a female. Normally nouns referring to lifeless objects are in neuter nouns: chair, table, tree, star, mountain, street, book, car, school, paper, pencil and computer Example: • Computer has brought about drastic changes in our lives. • Tree is cleansing the air. • Stars are not visible in the day-time. • Books are our best friends. GENDER Nyelvtanilag az erős érzelmeket, erőszakos cselekedeteket jelölő főnevek hímneműek: anger, fury, terror, love, war stb. természeti tényeket, elemeket, jelenségeket, a természetről szerzett benyomásokat jelölő főnevek storm, ocean, thunder, river, sun, danger, law, mountain stb. Nyelvtanilag azok a főnevek, melyeknek jelentése nőies jelleget sugall (szelíd, nőneműek: kedves, gyengéd stb.) illetve termékenységgel függ össze affection, devotion, pity, hope, faith, humility, charity, virtue negatív jellemvonások, tulajdonságok envy, folly, jealousy, revenge, vanity stb. természeti elemek, jelenségek earth, life, darkness, moon, spring, nature, night, sea stb. SEX INDICATED BY DISTINCT WORDS masculine feminine common father parent son child nephew brother sibling husband spose uncle king gentleman monk bachelor wizard earl sovereign SEX INDICATED BY DISTINCT WORDS masculine feminine common father mother parent son daughter child nephew niece brother sister sibling husband wife spose uncle aunt king queen gentleman lady monk nun bachelor maid, spinster wizard witch earl countess sovereign SEX INDICATED BY DISTINCT WORDS masculine feminine common cow ox bitch dog mare horse sow pig, swine hen fowl duck duck bee bee goose goose ewe sheep doe deer hind deer filly foal ’csikó’ vixen fox MASCULINE FROM FEMININE • bride – (bride)groom – spouse • widow – widower SEX INDICATED BY DISTINCT WORDS masculine feminine common bull, ox cow ox dog, hound bitch dog stallion mare horse boar, hog sow pig, swine cock hen fowl drake duck duck drone bee bee gander goose goose ram ewe sheep buck doe deer stag hind deer colt filly foal ’csikó’ fox vixen fox GENDER SHOWN BY A WORD INDICATING SEX masculine feminine common she-ass ass she-bear bear hen-bird (female-bird) bird cow-calf calf cow-elephant (femaleelephant) elephant bitch-fox fox she-goat (nanny-goat) goat doe-rabbit rabbit hen-sparrow sparrow she-cat (tabby) cat female dog, bitch dog peahen peafowl GENDER SHOWN BY A WORD INDICATING SEX masculine feminine common he-ass (jack-ass) she-ass ass he-bear she-bear bear cock-bird (male-bird) hen-bird (female-bird) bird bull-calf cow-calf calf bull-elephant (maleelephant) cow-elephant (femaleelephant) elephant dog-fox bitch-fox fox he-goat (billy-goat) she-goat (nanny-goat) goat buck-rabbit doe-rabbit rabbit cock-sparrow hen-sparrow sparrow tom-cat she-cat (tabby) cat male dog female dog, bitch dog peacock peahen peafowl GENDERS DISTINGUISHED BY INFLEXION • • • • • • • • • • • emperor – empress prince – princess duke – duchess mayor – mayoress actor – actress host – hostess poet – poetess heir – heiress manager – manageress tiger – tigress lion – lioness 3) CASE • Inflectional form – indicates grammatical function in a phrase, clause or sentence • I kicked the ball. – subject • John kicked me. – object • That ball is mine. – possessor • A language is said to "have cases" only if nouns change their form to reflect their case in this way (declination) • Other languages perform the same function in different ways. THE EIGHT HISTORICAL INDOEUROPEAN CASES Case Indicates Example Nominative subject of a finite verb We went to the store. Accusative the direct object of a verb The clerk remembered us. Dative the indirect object of a verb The clerk gave us a discount. The clerk gave a discount to us. Ablative movement from something, or cause The victim went from us to see the doctor. He was unhappy because of depression. Genitive the possessor of another noun John's book was on the table. The pages of the book turned yellow. Vocative an addressee John, are you all right? Hello, John! Locative a location We live in China. Instrumental an object used in performing an action We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand. „THE ENGLISH CASE SYSTEM IS DEAD” • Nouns in Modern English no longer show grammatical case • Instead – word order and prepositions to determine grammatical function • Exception – personal pronoun system PERSONAL PRONOUNS Nominative case Oblique case (subjective (object pronoun) pronoun) I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them Genitive case (possessive pronoun) my/mine your/yours his/his her/hers its/its our/ours your/yours their/theirs AZ ESET KIFEJEZÉSE • Szórend • • • • The boy is writing. – nominativus I gave the boy a pen. – dativus Mary sees a boy in the garden. – accusativus Boy, come here! – vocativus • Viszonyszók • He is a friend of the boy next door. – genitivus • I gave a pen to the boy. – dativus • Rag • The boy’s pen is in the pencil-box. – Saxon genitive MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION Stem + affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes etc.) • Verbal nouns (writing, organization, discovery) • Agent nouns (actor, worker) • Feminine forms (actress, lioness) • Nouns formed from adjectives (happiness) etc. Affixes (bound morphemes) Prefixes reredo Suffixes -or editor Infixes -umfikas (’strong’) fumikas (’to be strong’) Circumfixes ge- and -t geliebt in German PREFIXES Root normal normal sphere circle disvover war Prefix absubhemisemirepre- New word abnormal subnormal hemisphere semicircle rediscover prewar New meaning not normal below normal half a sphere half a circle discover again before the war THE TWO MOST COMMON PREFIXES unkind not kind ununhappy not happy inactive not active inexpensive not expensive in- A N T O N Y M S VARIATIONS OF IN- il- illegal inimpossible immature im- ir- irregular SUFFIXES • Prefixes change the meaning of the word • Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. • Can we rely on the weather? (verb) • His reliance on my help is obvious. (noun) • Are those ropes reliable? (adjective) • Sean fed the dog reliably. (adverb) VERB NOUN • -er, -or • write + er = writer • act + or = actor • -ment • enjoy + ment = enjoyment • -ion, -ation • donate + ion = donation • admire + ation = admiration NOUN ADJECTIVE • success + ful = successful • child + ish = childish • disaster + ous = disastrous • hero + ic = heroic • care + less = careless • dirt + y = dirty • person + al = personal • profit + able = profitable VERB ADJECTIVE • -ing surprising, disgusting • -able enjoyable, noticeable • -ive • destroy + ive = destructive • persuade + ive = persuasive ADJECTIVE VERB • damp + en = dampen • sweet + en = sweeten NOUN VERB • winter + ize = winterize • terror + ize = terrorize