Transcript 不動産投資インデックス
Latest Topics on Property Index 不動産投資インデックス 1.マクロ経済指数としての住宅価格指数を取り巻く議論 2.不動産投資インデックスを取り巻く誤解 3.不動産インデックスの課題 4.不動産投資インデックスに関する先行研究 2009年12月18日 国土交通省・土地市場動向ヒアリング 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] 麗澤大学経済学部・准教授 清水千弘(Chihiro SHIMIZU) page. 1 Latest Topics on Property Index 不動産価格指数・投資インデックスとは??? • • • • 不動産価格指数 a)不動産市場のマクロ動向把握 b)金融リスクの評価 c)マクロ経済政策のターゲット • 不動産投資インデックス • a)投資市場のマクロ動向把握 • b)投資パフォーマンスの測定,ベンチマークサービス • • • • • 2009/12/18 →不動産投資インデックスの議論の混同問題 指数によって目的が異なる. -目的に応じて,指数に要求される条件が異なる. -目的に応じて,指数に要求される正確度・精度が異なる. -目的に応じて,作成主体・公表主体が異なる. Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 2 Latest Topics on Property Index 1.マクロ経済指数としての住宅価格指数を取り巻く議論 • • The Paris OECD-IMF Workshop on Real Estate Price Indexes2006: Erwin Diewert, Discussion Paper 07-01, Department of Economics,The University of British Columbia • Fenwick (2006; 6) suggested the following list of possible uses for house price indexes: • •As a general macroeconomic indicator (of inflation); • •As an input into the measurement of consumer price inflation; • •As an element in the calculation of household (real) wealth and • •As a direct input into an analysis of mortgage lender’s exposure to risk of default. 2009/12/18 page. 3 Latest Topics on Property Index Monetary Policy • Arthur (2006) also suggested some (related) uses for real estate price indexes: • •Real estate price bubbles (and the subsequent collapses) have repeatedly been related to financial crises and thus it is important to measure these price bubbles accurately and in a way that is comparable across countries and • •Real estate price indexes are required for the proper conduct of monetary policy. 2009/12/18 page. 4 Latest Topics on Property Index なぜ,住宅価格指数が注目されるのか Bubble Period 1. Housing rents account for more than one fourth of personal spending Expenditures for housing services: Housing rents: Imputed rents from owner occupied housing: Housing maintenance and others: “Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Tokyo, 2005” 26.3% 5.8% 18.6% 1.9% 3.5 CPI rent Selling price index 3.0 2.5 2. Housing rents are very, very sticky – The probability of no change in housing rents is about 29 percent per year (Genesove 2003) 2.0 2009/12/18 page. 5 QT2006/1 QT2004/1 5 QT2002/1 QT2000/1 QT1998/1 QT1996/1 QT1994/1 QT1992/1 QT1990/1 QT1988/1 QT1986/1 3. The most important link between asset prices1.5 and goods & services prices is the one through housing rents (Goodhart 2001) 1.0 198601 198607 198701 198707 198801 198807 198901 198907 199001 199007 199101 199107 199201 199207 199301 199307 199401 199407 199501 199507 199601 199607 199701 199707 199801 199807 199901 199907 200001 200007 200101 200107 200201 200207 200301 200307 200401 200407 200501 200507 200601 200607 200701 200707 200801 200807 Latest Topics on Property Index Comparison House Price and CPI-house in Tokyo 3.5 3.0 2009/12/18 Tokyo_Condo Tokyo_SingleHouse Tokyo_SingleHouse_Rent 2.5 Tokyo_CPI 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 page. 6 Latest Topics on Property Index 住宅価格指数を取り巻きどこで何が議論されているのか? • (スケジュール) • Jun 2006 OECD-IMF Real Estate Price Index Workshop , in Paris • May2009 Ottawa meeting • May 2009 Start • Nov 2009 This conference : presentation of project and gathering of user needs • May 2010 UNECE/ILO CPI Meeting: draft available (also on website) • Feb 2011 RPPI Workshop: near-final draft available • May 2011 Final draft • (内容) • Data Source : Gathering System • Estimation Method : Hedonic measure or Repeat Sales measure 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 7 Latest Topics on Property Index Data Source : Gathering System House purchasing process England Other Countries Rightmove Residential Price Index Forum(JPN) 1.Begin search 10weks 2.Verbal offer RRPI(JPN) 4weks Halifax,Nation wide,Hometrack 3.Mortgage approved 4weks Tokyo Metropolitan Housing Price Index:REINS(JPN) 4.Exchange of contracts 4weks 5.Transaction completed DLCG(ODPM)index 4weks 6.Transaction registered Land registry OFHEO Home Price Index(USA) S&P Case&Shiller Home Price Index(USA) The University of Hong Kong Real Estate Index Series(Hong Kong) 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] 清水(2009) page. 8 Latest Topics on Property Index What are Appropriate Target Indexes? Robert Wood(2006) , “A Comparison of UK residential house price indices,” BIS Papers No 21. 2009/12/18 page. 9 Latest Topics on Property Index 英国の住宅価格指数の比較 Index Sample Standardisation method Seasonally adjusted? Weights used Weighting method DCLG(ODPM)(a) about 80(5)% sample of Council of Mortgage Lenders' eligible completions Mix adjustment No Rolling average of UK transactions Expenditure Halifax Loans approved for house purchase Hedonic regression Yes 1983 Halifax loan approvals Volume Nationwide Loans approved for house purchase Hedonic regression Yes Rolling average of Survey of Mortgage Lenders,Land Registry and Nationwide transactions Volume Land Registry 100% of sales registered in England and Wales Simple average/Repeat Sales No None Expenditure Hometrack Survey of approx. 4,000 estate agents' estimated local average prices Mix adjustment No England and Wales housing stock Expenditure Rightmove Sellers' asking prices posted on web site Mix adjustment No England and Wales housing stock Expenditure RRPI Sellers' asking prices upon removal from the RECRUIT magazine Hedonic regression No None - (a)The DCLG(ODPM) is in the process of expanding the Survey of Mortgage Lenders data set on which its index is based, and will shortly switch to a variant of the hedonic regression method. 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 10 Latest Topics on Property Index Estimation Method : House Price Transaction Samples Pi,t : property i, transaction time t, *Repeat Sales Samples Time 1 1* 2 3 p1,1 4 5 6 7 p1,4 p3,2 p3,4 p3,7 p5,2 p6,5 7* p7,3 8 p7,7 p8,4 ・・・ pn,8 ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ 2009/12/18 p3,10 p4,6 6 n* 10 p2,8 4 5 9 p1,9 2 3* 8 pn,10 page. 11 Latest Topics on Property Index Repeat Sales Method and Hedonic Method • Traditional Hedonic Model(pooling data) • Traditional Repeat Sales Model(Bailey, Muth and Nourse1963 A.S.A.J; RSBMN) Log difference of 2nd sale prices and 1st sale prices 2009/12/18 page. 12 Latest Topics on Property Index Repeat Sales Method and Hedonic Method • Traditional Hedonic Model(pooling data) • Traditional Repeat Sales Model(Bailey, Muth and Nourse1963 A.S.A.J; RSBMN) Log difference of 2nd sale prices and 1st sale prices 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 13 Latest Topics on Property Index Problems of Estimation Methods: • Repeat sales method: • • (i) there is sample selection bias (Clapp and Giaccotto,1992); Low transaction volume(Diewert, 2007) • (ii) the assumption that there are no changes in property characteristics and their parameters during the transaction period is unrealistic (Case and Shiller,1987, 1989; Clapp and Giaccotto, 1992, 1998, 1999; Goodman and Thibodeau,1998; Case et al. 1991). • Hedonic method: • (i) there is an omitted variable bias (Case and Quigley 1991; Ekeland, Heckman and Nesheim 2004; Shimizu 2009); • (ii) the assumption of no structural change is unrealistic (Case et al. 1991; Clapp et al. 1991; Clapp and Giaccotto 1992, 1998; Shimizu and Nishimura 2006, 2007, Shimizu, Takatsuji, Ono, and Nishimura 2007). 2009/12/18 page. 14 199701 199702 199703 199704 199801 199802 199803 199804 199901 199902 199903 199904 200001 200002 200003 200004 200101 200102 200103 200104 200201 200202 200203 200204 200301 200302 200303 200304 200401 200402 200403 200404 200501 200502 200503 200504 200601 200602 200603 200604 200701 200702 200703 200704 200801 200802 200803 200804 Latest Topics on Property Index Figure : When did the condominium price hit bottom? -Condominium- 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 12-months rolling regression -0.06 -0.08 Standard Hedonic -0.1 -0.12 2009/12/18 Age adjustment R S Standard Repeat Sales -0.14 Case&Shiller adjustment RS page. 15 Latest Topics on Property Index 情報整備を取り巻く議論 • どのような情報を用いた住宅価格指数か? • モーゲージデータによる価格指数: • 価格・取引価格, 時点・契約時点 • 米国:OFHEO , DCLGインデックス • 登記簿をベースによる価格指数: • 価格・取引価格, 時点・登記時点 • 英国:Land Registry Index, 香港大学住宅価格指数, S&P CS指数 • 不動産流通データによる価格指数: • • →日本では,どの情報が利用可能か? レインズ or 取引価格情報の情 報整備システムの全面的見直し??? 2009/12/18 page. 16 Latest Topics on Property Index Characteristic 価格データと属性データ 正確な情報とは??? *属性データの精度 *Omitted variable bias (属性デ ータで重要な情報が収集できな い) In the Halifax regression? In the RRPI regression? Detached house Terrace house ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Detached bungalow Semi-detached bungalow ✓ ✓ ✓ uses one bungalow dummy variable - - ✓ ✓ uses one flat dummy variable rather than two - Puepose-built flat/maisonette oe new converted Converted flat maisonette *価格データの精度 (取引価格or募集価格,速報性) In the Nationwide regression? Tenure Number of bedrooms Number of habitable rooms Double garage Number of garages Number of garage spaces Parking space or no garage Central heating type Floorsize(sq.ft.) Number of acres(sq.meter) More than one bathroom Number of bathrooms Number of toilets Garden Subject to a road charge Property age New Region ACORN(a) classification Parliamentary constituency ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ - ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ (a) A classfication of residential neighbourhoods. 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 17 Latest Topics on Property Index 2.不動産投資インデックスを取り巻く誤解 • 不動産投資パフォーマンス or マクロ動向 • 総合収益率 = インカム収益率 + キャピタル収益率 インカム収益率 NOI BMV 0.5CI 0.5PS 0.417NOI キャピタル収益率 EMV BMV PS CI BMV 0.5CI 0.5PS 0.417NOI EMV : 期末市場価値 BMV : 期首市場価値 PS : 部分売却額 CI : 建物改装費等 / 資本的支出 NOI : 純営業収益 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2008 [email protected] page. 18 Latest Topics on Property Index IPDインデックスとNCREIFインデックス IPD Total Return Definition NCREIF Total Return Definition Total return - This is the sum of capital appreciation and net operating income in a single period expressed as a percentage of capital employed, with income reinvested. Total return - This is the sum of capital appreciation and net operating income in a single period expressed as a percentage of capital employed, with income reinvested. With respect to a single month total return is defined as: With respect to a single quarter total return is defined as: (MVt MV(t 1) Pt St Ct NIt) TRt (MV(t 1) Pt 12 Ct 12 NIt) TRt (MVt MV(t 1) St Ct NIt) (MV(t 1) 12 Ct 12 St 13 NIt) Where: TRt is the total return in month t; Where: TRt is the total return in quarter t; MVt is the market value at the end of month t; MVt is the market value at the end of quarter t; Pt is the gross purchase cost of whole property purchases; St is the net sale receipts from whole property sales during the month and any other partial sales; St is the net sale receipts from whole property sales during the quarter and any other partial sales; Ct is the net value of all other capital expenditure less receipts during the month, after excluding any flows greater than 20% of the start month value of the asset; and Ct is the net value of all other capital expenditure less receipts during the month, after excluding any flows greater than 20% of the start month value of the asset; and NIt is the net operating income during the month, taken as the quarter amount divided by 3 NIt is the net operating income during the quarter 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU2008 [email protected] page 19 . 19 Latest Topics on Property Index Transaction Based Index and Valuation Based Index • 今回の金融危機で学んだことは,「不動産投資リスクとしてとくに注意しな ければならない問題は,流動性リスクと合わせて不動産鑑定評価リスク が存在すること,そして,不動産の選別を注意深くしなければならないこと 」であると指摘している(David Bucke , UBS Asset Management, IPD/IPF Property Investment Conference2009,Brighton,26.November.2009). • →NCRIEF Industry Index • Transaction Based Index: 市場転換期で取引が著しく低下する.事情の多 い取引が増加する.モデル推計上の誤差の存在と限界. • Valuation Based Index: Smoothing, Valuation Error Problem • Market Value or Worth • →どのような価格として決定すべきなのか? 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 20 Latest Topics on Property Index 不動産投資インデックスは何のために作られているのか? • いくつかの誤解: • ベンチマーク・サービス • -インデックスを作ることが目的ではなく,パフォーマンス測定をすること が目的.それを実施するためにインデックスが作成される. • -網羅率が低い指数は利用できない→本当??? 日経225,経済統計 • -母集団に偏りがある指数は利用できない(日本) • -鑑定評価精度に問題がある指数は利用できない(ドイツ) • 測定したいパフォーマンスの拡大: • - Pan-European total returns • - Global total returns • - Sustainable Property Index (ISPI) 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 21 Latest Topics on Property Index IPD- Indicative Pan-European total returns 30.0 IPD Eurozone USD 25.0 All IPD Europe USD 20.0 15.0 IPD Eurozone GBP 10.0 All IPD Europe GBP 5.0 0.0 IPD Eurozone EUR -5.0 -10.0 2001 2009/12/18 2002 2003 2004 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2008 [email protected] 2005 All IPD Europe EUR page. 22 Latest Topics on Property Index Global total returns 2001 - 2005 25.0 Local Currency total return, % pa 20.0 15.0 US Dollar 10.0 5.0 Euro 0.0 -5.0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 • 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2008 [email protected] 出所)IPD page. 23 Latest Topics on Property Index IPD/IPF Sustainable Property Index (ISPI) UK • To identify the more sustainable properties in the market, ISPI asks landlords 20 or so questions, easily answerable, based on the 6 categories of: • • • • • • 2009/12/18 -Building quality -Building accessibility -Energy efficiency -Water efficiency -Waste management -Flood risk. Chihiro SHIMIZU2009 [email protected] page. 24 Latest Topics on Property Index 3.不動産投資インデックスの課題 • 日本で不動産投資インデックスの整備が進まない理由: • 日本の不動産投資市場の性質: 2000年~金融危機 • -説明責任を持った長期投資資金の不足 • -ギアのかかった投資が中心 • →不動産情報整備の問題ではない • 不動産投資市場の資金性質の変化 • 国際的な金融インフラの整備(GIPS等) 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 25 Latest Topics on Property Index 不動産インデックスは誰が整備すべきか? • • • • 不動産価格指数 a)不動産市場のマクロ動向把握→ 公共 or 民間 b)金融リスクの評価(デリバティブを含む)→ 民間 c)マクロ経済政策のターゲット→ 公共 • 不動産投資インデックス • a)投資市場のマクロ動向把握→ 公共 or 民間 • b)投資パフォーマンスの測定,ベンチマークサービス→ 民間 • 公共の課題: • -鑑定評価精度の向上の制度インフラの整備 • -情報流通インフラの整備 • • 2009/12/18 米国:OSCRE(Open Standards Consortium for Real Estate) 欧州:PISCES(Property Information Systems Common Exchange Standard) Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 26 Latest Topics on Property Index 4.不動産投資インデックスに関する研究: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2009/12/18 (学術論文) Shimizu,C, K.G.Nishimura and T.Watanabe(2009), “House Prices and Rents in Tokyo - A Comparison of Repeat-sales and Hedonic measures-,” 一 橋大学物価研究センターWorking Paper,No.41. Journal of Statistics and Economics (forthcoming). Shimizu,C(2009), “Investment Characteristics of Housing Market -Focusing on the stickiness of housing rent-,”麗澤大学経済社会総合研究センタ ーWorking Paper,No.34.(Real Estate Investment, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.より出版予定). 清水千弘・渡辺努(2009),「日米における住宅価格の変動要因」(伊藤隆敏編『アメリカ特集』所収,フィナンシャル・レビュー95号/財務省財務総合 政策研究所 清水千弘・渡辺努・西村清彦(2009)「住宅市場のマクロ変動と住宅賃料の粘着性」季刊住宅土地経済,No.72, pp.10-17. 清水千弘(2009)「住宅賃料の粘着性の計測-住宅市場の変動とマクロ経済政策への応用-」麗澤経済研究,第17巻第1号, pp.29-50. Shimizu,C, K.G.Nishimura and T.Watanabe(2008), “Residential Rents and Price Rigidity: Micro Structure and Macro Consequences,” 一橋大学物 価研究センターWorking Paper,No.29, revised 2009, RIETI Discussion Paper Series 09-E -044. Shimizu,C and K.G.Nishimura(2007), “Pricing structure in Tokyo metropolitan land markets and its structural changes: pre-bubble, bubble, and postbubble periods,” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Vol.35,No.4,pp.495-496. Shimizu, C., H.Takatsuji, H.Ono and K.G.Nishimura, (2007), “Change in house price structure with time and housing price index”, RIPESS (Reitaku Institute of Political Economics and Social Studies) Working Paper, No.25. 原野啓・清水千弘・唐渡広志・中川雅之(2007a)「リピートセールス法による品質調整済住宅価格指数の推計」住宅土地経済No.65(2007年夏季 号),pp.12-19. 原野啓・清水千弘・唐渡広志・中川雅之(2007b)「わが国におけるリピートセールス法による住宅価格指数の推計課題」麗澤経済研究,第15巻第2 号,pp.113-133. Shimizu,C and K.G.Nishimura (2006), “Biases in appraisal land price information: the case of Japan,” Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol.24, No.2,pp. 150- 175. Takatsuji.T, H.Ono and C.Shimizu, (2004) , “Conjunct method of hedonic price index in a second hand housing market under structural changes,”麗 澤大学経済社会総合研究センターWorking Paper,No.18. 小野宏哉・高辻秀興・清水千弘(2003)「構造変化を考慮したヘドニック型住宅価格指数の推定」住宅土地経済, Vol.49(2002年夏季号),pp.14-23. Nishimura,K.G and C.Shimizu(2003) , “Distortion in Land Price Information―Mechanism in Sales Comparables and Appraisal Value Relation―,” 東京大学日本経済国際共同研究センターディスカッションペーパー,No.195. Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 27 Latest Topics on Property Index • • • 高辻秀興・小野宏哉・清水千弘(2002)「構造変化のある価格関数を用いた品質調整済住宅価格指数の接続法」麗澤経済研究,第10巻第 2号,pp.103-134. 西村清彦・清水千弘(2002),「商業地不動産価格指数の「精度」―東京都区部:1975-1999―」季刊 住宅土地経済(財団法人 日本住宅総 合センター),No.43,pp.28-35. 清水千弘・早川信也・篠津和夫(2001) 「品質調整済住宅価格インデックス作成システムの開発」SUGI (SAS Users Group International Japan)-J2001(20th)/第20回SASユーザー会総会および研究発表会論文集, pp.91-100. • (論説) • • • • • • • • • • • 清水千弘(2009),「住宅価格指数はどのように整備されるべきか-推計手法・情報整備そして政府の役割-」資産評価政策学,No.20,pp.12-19. 清水千弘(2009),「住宅価格指数,精度高めよ」日本経済新聞・経済教室(2009.8.19). 清水千弘(2008),「住宅価格指数に求められる条件」月刊プロパティマネジメント,No.92,pp86-89. 清水千弘(2008),「不動産デリバティブにおけるインデックスに求められる諸条件」月刊プロパティマネジメント,No.91,pp60-62. 清水千弘(2007),「不動産投資インデックスの推計上の課題①-⑤」RMJ(Real Estate Management Journal),Vol.97-101(全5連載). 清水千弘(2007),「拡大する不動産投資市場,インデックス整備急げ」日本経済新聞・経済教室(2007.6.13). 清水千弘(2001),「品質調整済住宅価格インデックス」東洋経済統計月報,pp.14-17. 清水千弘(1998),「不動産市場分析における統計的手法適用の最近の話題」不動産鑑定(住宅新報社),pp77-91. 清水千弘(1995),「ドイツ連邦共和国の大都市における住宅地の価格」不動産研究Vol37,No.4,pp.44-60. ドイツ法研究会(1993),「ドイツ建設法典」財団法人 日本不動産研究所成田頼明,田山輝明,広渡清吾,西谷 剛 と共訳 田中啓一・清水千弘(1992),「地価下落局面における土地税制とその問題点」税務弘報, Vol.40, No.67,pp.6-12 • http://www.cs.reitaku-u.ac.jp/sm/shimizu/index.html 2009/12/18 Chihiro SHIMIZU 2009 [email protected] page. 28