Transcript **** 1 - TWO EAM
TwoEA-M project seminar in Seoul Nov. 30-Dec.1, 2009
Environmental Assessment Related Higher Education in Japan: An overview
Harashina, Sachihiko Tokyo Institute of Technology Past President, IAIA
A Brief History of EA in Japan
1972 Stockholm UN Conf.
on Human Environment 73 Preparation of EIA system on national level 76 First local EIA ordinance, Kawasaki City First trial of sending the EIA Bill (failed in 83) 84 EIA Guideline by the Cabinet (Kakugi EIA) 93 Basic Environmental Law 97 Establishment of EIA Act 99 Fujimae tidal flat was protected by the EIA Implementation of EIA Act 2002 First local SEA guideline, Saitama Pref.
04 JICA introduced SEA in new EIA guideline 07 MOE introduced the Shared Guideline of SEA
EIA Process under the Japan’s EIA Act
Proponent Government Scoping Document D-EIS F-EIS Public The former guideline （ Establised, 1997.6.13
， Implemented, 1999.6.12
）
National Level EIA Systems: Japan and the US
Before EIA Act
(until Jun 1999) Proposal of Project Screening by the List of Project Junbi-sho (DEIS) Hyoka-sho (FEIS) Permit
EIA Act
(since Jun 1999) Proposal of Project Screening Class 1 Project Class 2 Project Hyoka-sho (Scoping) Junbi-sho (DEIS) Hyoka-sho (FEIS)
NEPA
(1969) Proposal of Project, Program, Policy Screening EA Scoping DEIS FEIS Referral by CEQ Permit Permit Process with Public participation/ Public Involvement
• •
Environmental Assessment in Japan
EIA
National Level: EIA Act, 1997 Fully implemented since 1999 about 20 cases/year Local Government: Local Ordinances in all 47 Pref.
about 50 cases/year
SEA
National Level: Shared Guideline, 2007 Some advanced local governments e.g. Saitama Pref. 2002 In ODA activities: JICA, 2004- (revised GL, 2010?)
EA Education in Japan
• • • Universities Ordinal University Remote Education by the Open Univ. of Japan Administrative bodies Min. of the Environment Min. of Land, Infrastructures & Transportation Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Industries Japan Association for Environmental Assessment (JEAS)
EA courses in Japanese Universities
The number of the courses is big: 92 courses were found in Japanese Universities, by the survey of JEAS in 2009 Others which include EA as a part of the course are more than 500.
The background is quite divers: Engineering based Natural science based
Table Categorization of Faculties with EA related courses (JEAS, 2009) Category Civil Engineering Architecture Oceanics Science Agriculture Environmental Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ Law Economics Business Others Faculty/Department Name Engineering, Science and Engineering, etc.
Architecture, Design, etc.
Marine Science and Technology, Ocean Civil Engineering, Fisheries, etc.
Science, Life Science, Bioresource Sciences, etc.
Agriculture, Horticulture, Food Science, etc.
Environment, Humanity and Environment, Environment and Information Studies, etc.
Law, etc.
Economics, etc.
Commerce, Business Administration, Tourism, etc.
Literature, Sociology, Policy Studies, Human Life, Medicine/Health, Applied Computer Engineering, Education, Media/Communication, etc.
Japan Association of Environment Assessment (2009) JEAS news autumn, no.124
1% 5% 2% 21% 25% 36% 5% 1% 0% 4% Civil Engineering Architecture Oceanics Science Agriculture Environment Law Economics Business Fig. Proportion of the Faculty type with EA related course (JEAS, 2009) Japan Association of Environment Assessment (2009) JEAS news autumn, no.124
Very big number in Japan
• • • How about the result As application of EA in Japan is not much, These are mostly for knowledge It is important for Stakeholders including general public and industries to understand what is EA • For knowledge TV Broadcasting is an efficient way
The Open University of Japan (OUJ)
放送大学 • • • Broadcasting through TV and Radio Supported by the national government provides credit for graduation basic function is an ordinal university Media are broadcasting and schooling By broadcasting: Another function is enlightenment of the general public
Environmental Assessment by Sachihiko Harashina
• • • •
放送大学 「環境アセスメント」
“Environmental Assessment” courses at the Open University of Japan TV Broadcasting (by S. Harashina and others) Series 1: 1994-2000 環境アセスメント Environmental Assessment Series 2: 2000-2005 改定版・環境アセスメント (EIA) Rev. Environmental Assessment (EIA and SEA) Series 3: 2005-2009 人間活動の環境影響 Human Impacts on the Environment (IA in general)
Environmental Impact Assessment
The major purpose of US NEPA (1969) ‘ . . . . will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment’ Support a wise decision-making Rational and Fair Judgment
The Role of Environmental Impact Assessment
Supporting Consensus Building for Sustainable Development Rational and Fair Judgment For fairness, we need • Public Participation .
• Information Disclosure
The concept which should be conveyed to the society For Rationality: Scientific Analysis Engineering Skill Application of Systems Analysis For Fairness: Democratic Process Participation and Information Disclosure and
For Efficiency:
Innovate Efficient Way of Communication
Three Disciplines of EA Education
consensus building dispute resolution
Planning & Policy
environmental ethics facilitation SEA IT & ICT public participation EIA EA planning administration environmental management prediction/evaluation environmental law protection/mitigation measures HEP
Engineering &
GIS
Natural Science
CG environmental economics
Law & Economics