Transcript Document

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/080302HS.ppt
5 海洋生態系の健全性の指標としての
持続可能な漁業
松田裕之（横浜国大）
牧野光琢（水産総研セ）・桜井泰憲（北大水）
Biological Conservation (in review)
牧野光琢（水産総研セ）・小谷浩示（国際大）
5th World Fisheries Congress
2008/3/2
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/080302HS.ppt
今日の話
1. 生態系サービス>>漁獲高
2. 知床海域管理計画
3. 最大持続生態系サービスの提案
2008/3/2
2
地球環境変化Gobal change
人間の福利Human well-being
生態系サービスEcosystem services
供給サービス
生物多様性
Biodiversity
文化的サービス
支持サービス
なぜ自然を守るのか?
生態系機能
Ecosystem
functions
調節サービス
(MA2005)
2008/3/2
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持続可能性
＝次世代の人間が生態系
サービスを享受できるよ
う、自然を守る
(米生態学会委報告 1996)
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/080223.ppt
生態系サービスと人間の福利
（MA 2005より）
生態系サービス
矢印の色
社会経済的認知度
低い
中間
高い
供給サービス
安全保障
•食料
•淡水
•木材と繊維
•燃料 その他
•個人の安全
•資源利用の保障
•災害からの保障
調整サービス
•気候調節
•洪水制御
•疾病制御
•水質浄化 その他
文化的サービス
•審美的
•精神的
•教育的
•娯楽的 その他
矢印の太さ
繋がりの強さ
弱い
中間
強い
生存権の基盤
•適切な生活条件
•十分な栄養ある食料
•住居
•生活用品の提供
健康
•活力
•快適さ
•きれいな空気と水の提供
よい社会関係
•社会の連帯感
•互恵
•扶助の能力
を一 選
達人 択
成一 と
す人
るが 行
能や 動
力り の
た自
い由
こ
と
、
大
切
に
し
た
い
こ
と
•
•
一支
次持
生サ
産ー
、ビ
そス
の
他栄
養
素
の
循
環
、
土
壌
形
成
、
人間の福利の構成要素
生態系サービスの価値
•
•
•
•
生物資源 農林水産物 約140兆円/年
生態系service 物質循環 約1700兆円/年
資源価値＜＜生態系サービス
漁場の自然価値＞漁業補償
2008/3/2
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Risk of human lives by climate change
2008/3/2
Parry et al., (2001) IPCC報告書
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Effect on ecosystems by climate chage
Global mean temperature increase above pre-industrial
2008/3/2
Hare, W. L. (2003). Assessment of Knowledge on Impacts of Climate Change –
Contribution to the Specification of Art. 2 of the UNFCCC.
http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_ex01.pdf.
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/080302HS.ppt
今日の話
1. 生態系サービス>>漁獲高
2. 知床海域管理計画
3. 最大持続生態系サービスの提案
H.M. 24 Sep 06
2008/3/2
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Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area
1,000,000
100,000
Very informative time-series data for
monitoring the changes in ecosystem
structure/functions
Catch (tons)
10,000
1,000
100
1.common squid
3.Arabesque greenling
3. Arabesque greeling
5.kelp
7.scallop
9.flatfishes
misc.
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2.walleye pollock
4.salmons
6.cod
8.trouts
10.Optopus dolfleini
10. Octopus dolfaini
total
1
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
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Made by Mitsutaku Makino
MPA to protect walleye pollock
• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
– Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005
Since 1995
Spawning
ground
Since
2005
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Bottom trawling is totally prohibited
in the coastal area
Goals of marine management
plan
th
5 World Fisheries Congress
at Yokohama, Oct 2008.
• Sustainable use of walleye pollock
• Wild population of salmonids
– Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons
– Sapling is fishery’s benefit
• Conservation of sea lions &
marine mammals andAdvisors
birds for cull limit review by
• Control of eco-tourismJpn Fish Agency (HM & YS)
• Survey of debris sources
• Cowork with Russian scientists
2008/3/2
Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan11
Russia Scientists Meeting
http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html
5th World Fisheries Congress
Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental Conservation
Yokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008
Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda)
7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids
7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species
7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries
7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services
7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management
7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis
7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management
7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & …
8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management
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1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation
1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations
1-7. Fisheries by-catch
1-8. Seamount fisheries
5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general)
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8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Missions of the SC
• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of
coastal fisheries as they do
• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and
make a stock recovery plan
– By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian data.
• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …
• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild
population and fisheries
• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data
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Kuril Population of Steller sea lions
Population size
ca 80% decline
Adults+juveniles (Perlov 1991)
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# killed sea lions in Japan
# struck, damage (million yen)
Injuried
Missing into the sea
Culled
Cull + injuried + missing
Damage on fishing nets
•
2008/3/2
Ohtaishi & Wada (eds, 1999), Hokkaido Pref.
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Recently, the western Pacific Steller’s sea lions
are recovering （Burkanov and Loughlin 2005）
2008/3/2
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
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Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for sea lions
(Japan Fisheries Agency, Oct 2007)
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•
•
•
•
PBR = 0.5 Nmin Rmax Fr
PBR = 0.5 x 5063 x 0.12 x 0.75 = 227
However, the number of by-catches is unknown!
No data show that culling decreases damage
We estimated 107 by-catches (probably
overestimation)
• #Annual cull limit is (116 to) 120 sea lions.
• We encourage compiling by-catch and catch report.
2008/3/2
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
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http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf
IUCN’s Technical evaluation
5.3 Neighbouring Islands
There are clear and apparent similarities between the environment and ecology in Shiretoko
and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that
there has been contact between Japanese and
Russian researchers. Should it be possible for
the States Parties to agree to promote the
conservation of these properties
in the future, there may be the
potential for development of
these properties as a wider
“World Heritage Peace Park”.
2008/3/2
Mr Shepard
Yomiuri HP
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Present protected areas in Japan and Russia
2008/3/2
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(Dr M.Kobayashi)
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/080302HS.ppt
今日の話
1. 生態系サービス>>漁獲高
2. 知床海域管理計画
3. 最大持続生態系サービスの提案
2008/3/2
20
Ecosystem services V(N, C)
• V(N, C) = Y(C) – cE + S(N)
•
•
•
•
Provisional Service (Fisheries Yield) … Y(C)
Fishing Cost… cE
Utility of standing biomass… S(N)
C… catch; E… fishing effort; N… stock biomass
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Regulating services
S(N)= SN2/(B2+N2)
(S, B) = (100,10)
(S, B) = (50,50)
Stock abundance N
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Mathematics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stock dynamics … dN/dt = (r – aN)N – C,
Catch and yield … C = qEN, Y(C) = pqEN,
Regulating service … S(N) = SN2/(B2+N2),
Equilibrium … N*(E) = (r – qE)/a
Service at N* … V*(E) = pqEN* – cE + S(N*)
Optimal effort Eopt satisfies that V*/E = 0
Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service
Eopt = (pqr – ac)/2pq2
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Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service
(S, B) = (100,10)
(S, B) = (50,50)
(S, B) = (0,-)
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MSY vs MSES with uncertainties
(Y*,V*) = (77.6 ,165.7)
(Y*,V*) = (43.3, 216.4)
(a)
0.7 1500
(b)
1000
(a)
0.3
fishing effort E
0.4
500
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0
50
Year
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1000
0.2
500
0.1
fishing effort E
Stock N and catch C
0.5
Stock N and catch C
0.6
0
0
0
50
Year
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MSES from food webs
• Community dynamics …
dNi/dt = (ri + ajiNj – qiEi)Ni
• Yield from foodweb… Y(E) = Ei(piqiNi – ci)
• Total ecosystem services...V(E) = Y(E) + Si(Ni)
• Si(Ni) = SiNi2/(Bi2+Ni2)
• We obtained EMSES ↑ Y(E) and EMSY ↑V(E)
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3
(a)
6
4
(b)
5
6
(c)
5
(d)
5
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
(e)
1
2
(f)
6
2008/3/2
6
30
4
1
1
15
5
1
2
(g)
6
5
1
2
6
5
(h)
6
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
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MSES saves fishing efforts
100%
YMSES/YMSY
80%
60%
40%
Ban-on-Fishing
20%
0%
0%
2008/3/2
20%
40%
60%
YMSY/VMSES
80%
100%
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Conclusion
• Responsible fisheries may play roles of
umbrella species that use a small part of
healthy ecosystem services, and give many
data of utilized resources…
• Fishing efforts that maximizes the total
ecosystem services are usually much smaller
than those for maximum sustainable yield.
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