池上ppt - Atlas Japan

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Transcript 池上ppt - Atlas Japan

素核研・測定器技術開発の現状とプラン
ATLAS周辺
池上 陽一 (KEK/IPNS) 2005.03.01
ATLAS superimposed to
the 5 floors of building 40
LHC 計画 @CERN
√s=14TeV
L = 1034 cm-2 s-1
Diameter
Barrel toroid length
End-cap end-wall chamber span
Overall weight
25 m
26 m
46 m
7000 Tons
2007年 実験開始
Higgsの発見を焦点に
1
アトラス国際チームの財政分担・参加機関・研究者数(トップ10)
Country
Budget MCHF
institutes
participants
1
United States
80.74 (17 %)
33
232 (18 %)
2
CERN
60.50 (13 %)
1
137 (10 %)
3
France
52.76 (11 %)
7
90 (6.9 %)
4
Italy
45.09 (9.6 %)
12
141 (11 %)
5
Germany
40.00 (8.5 %)
10
109 (8.3 %)
6
United Kingdom
34.11 (7.3 %)
12
105 (8.0 %)
7
日本
32.18 (7.0 %)
15
61 (4.7 %)
8
Russia
26.12 (5.6 %)
8
102 (7.8 %)
9
Switzerland
18.51 (4.0 %)
2
14 (1.1 %)
10
Canada
15.08 (3.2 %)
7
40 (3.1 %)
all
SUM
468.41 (100%)
149
1,306 (100 %)
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ATLAS 測定器の構成(赤は日本グループが関与)
•
Magnets
-- Central Superconducting Solenoid (B=2T)
-- Barrel and Endcap Superconducting Toroids (Bdl=2~8Tm)
• Tracking (||<2.5) :
-- Silicon pixels detector
-- Silicon microstrip detector
-- Transition radiation detector
•
Calorimetry (||<5) :
-- EM
: Pb-LAr
-- HADRON: Fe/scintillator (central), Cu-LAr (endcap)
-- Forward : Cu-LAr(EM) + W-LAr (hadron)
•
Muon Spectrometer (||<2.7) :
-- Precision chambers : MDT, CSC(fwd)
-- Trigger system : RPC(barrel), TGC(endcap)
3
Barrel Silicon microstrip detector
(SCT : Semiconductor Tracker )
×2,112 modules →
Total area = 34m2
radiation tolerance
3×1014 n/cm2 (10 years)
4 cylinders
r = 30~52cm
|η|<1.4
First complete
barrel cylinder
at Oxford U.
December 2004
↓
CERN
4
Barrel SCT modules
Specifications:
Strip pitch : 80 μm
Stereo angle : 40 mr
readout channels ; 1536 ch
~ 5000 wire bondings
Assembly accuracy < 5 μm
Parts:
4 Silicon sensors (Hamamatsu)
12 ABCD chips (BiCMOS ASIC)
TPG thermal conductor (UK)
Flexible hybrid circuit (Japan)
Fablication:
Total: 2600 modules
980 in Japan (best yield > 95%)
Others in UK, US and Scandinavia
5
module-mounting robots
Two module-mounting robots
designed and supplied by KEK.
6
Barrel SCT における主要な測定器技術開発
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radiation-hard Si センサーの設計開発
High-density low-mass Readout Hybrid(COB)の設計開発
1μm精度のmoduleの組み立て、及び検査方法の確立
5K wire bondings x 1K module -> 5M WBsの経験
module-mounting robot の設計開発
Laser による Module検査方法の確立
IRカメラによるSi センサーの不良解析
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アトラス超伝導ソレノイド:KEKが提案・設計・開発・建設を100%担当
・電磁カロリメターの内側なので肉厚を極力薄くした:
→ 高強度のアルミニウムを採用(古河・日立電線と技術開発)
→ クライオスタットを液体アルゴンカロリメータと共用
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アトラス超伝導ソレノイド (日本が担当)
東芝京浜工場(1999年)
励磁成功(2000年12月)
CERNに到着(2001年9月)
Maiani所長らと
LArクライオスタットへ据付(2004年2月)
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2004年7月5日:CERN地上試験で8197アンペアを達
成した。通常の運転電流は7600アンペアである。
2004年10月にアトラス地下実験場に運搬された。
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TGC
• Thin Gap Chambers (TGCs) are used for the muon trigger system in the
end-cap regions of the ATLAS detector at Large Hadron Collider(LHC).
Muon
spectrometer
(air-core Toroid)
Toroid
Magnets
Hadron Calorimeter
22m

43m
Inner Detector Solenoid
Magnet
EM Calorimeter
TGC at ATLAS detector



Total 3600 chambers
320,000 read-out channels
Total area ~2,000m2
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Thin Gap Chamber
Requirements on ATLAS:
– Fast signal response
(<25ns)
– High efficiency
(>98 %)
– Radiation-proof
(~0.6C/cm)
– Rate capability
(~kHz/cm2)
ASD: Amp. Shaper Discriminator
Wire potential
2.9 kV
Gas mixture
CO2 + npentane
(55%) (45%)
Wire diameter
50 mm
1.3m
12
1.4m
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Test production
T7 type production
T4
672 chambers
192 T5
Graphite spraying
192
Checking quality
80 boards/month
4 board /day
FR4 Frame Gluing
4 boards/day
3 persons
Mounting
Read-out boards
1 Unit/day
3 persons
Wire winding
2 boards /day
1 person
Making doublet (triplet)
Singlet closing
2 TGCs /day
3 persons
1 Unit/day
2 persons
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Paper honeycomb
TGC chamber Quality Control
• TGC is fabricated by the gluing
processes
(we can no longer reopen it after
closing TGC).
• We have to control the surface
distortion less than 200 mm
•
We apply following tests:
 Measurement of the surface
resistance of cathode after the
graphite spraying,
 High voltage test before and after
closing singlet TGC,
 Pulse test after mounting adapter
board and
 High voltage test after mounting
adapter board.
 Pulse response check by b-ray
radioactive source
 Cosmic ray test at KOBE Univ.
14
Graphite spraying and FR4 frame Gluing
• Graphite spraying by automatic
sprayer
– two-dimensional linear actuator
– spray gun by the pneumatic control
AT FR4 Frame gluing :
To control the quality of epoxy adhesive.
Screen painting method for parts and
Auto dispenser for button supports
are adopted.
15
Wire winding
Anode Wire: Gold plated Tungsten
(A.L.M.T. co. Ltd.)
Solder: Sn(80)+Zn(20)
Flux: Water soluble flux
(including: ZnCl2+ZnNH4)
Wire winding machine
 Consists of a linear actuator and
a rotating table.
Total ~800,000 wires for all TGCs
16
TGC closing
Number of
measured points
• In order to make flat
plane, the combination
of the vacuum-press
and the suction plate
technique have been
adapted.
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
100
200
300
400
500
Surface distortion for Singlet TGC
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Making doublet modules
TGC
• In order to make TGC flat,
– Aluminum honeycomb keeps upper TGC.
– Granite table keeps lower TGC by –40 kPa pressure.
• The gas volume of the singlets TGC is slightly over-pressured (150 pa)
as counter force against the force on the rubber sheet.
18
Detector performance
Bad sample
Number of TGCs
•
•
Cosmic ray test at KOBE Univ.
Position dependence of the
efficiency was measured with a
granularity of 5mm-by-5mm.
300
200
100
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Mean Efficiency
19
TGC chamber Summary
• 1200 TGCs have been produced in Japan
– We created the required environment to make
2 TGCs/day.
• We have to make uniform quality
– Controlling the TGC’s surface distortion < 200 mm
• We have developed some tools
(screen painting method or air control at gluing)
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Atlas TGC ASICs
• 320k channels Muon Trigger Chambers
• L1 Trigger and Readout Circuits
– Synchronous (40MHz) track finding circuits (<20 clks
latency)
– 100 kHz trigger rate
• On-detector electronics
– 耐放射線性 (全ての半導体の照射試験を行う)
• TID:50 krad (最大時:安全係数込み)
• SEE:2.11x1010 h/cm2/10 years (安全係数なし)
• FPGAが使用出来ない
– 許容消費電力、スペースの制限
– チャンネル単価 : 目標 \1,000/ch (全エレキシステムで)
• 4種類のASICの開発
– Atlas TGC日本グループとKEK回路室
– ASD, Patch-Panel ASIC, SLB ASIC, H-pT ASIC
21
Amplifier-Shaper-Discriminator (ASD)
• SONY Bipolar Analog Master Slice
• 回路設計全てを自前で行い、配線レイアウト、プロセスのみをソ
ニーに委託
• 4-ch per chip
• 量産
– 100k chips for Atlas
– 10k chips for PS Exp.
• 積分時間変更版
– 京大(谷森研)-KEK
– 23k chips共同購入
• J-PARC等からの要請
– Higher gain from MPGC (JAERI)
– New process
22
Patch-Panel ASIC and SLB ASIC
VDEC-Rohm full-custom 0.35mm CMOS
• 回路設計、レイアウト設計
全て自前
• アナログ回路の設計
– LVDS Rx
– Variable Delay (sub-ns step,
PLL control)
– Test Pulse Generator
• 初段trigger matrix回路、読
み出し回路
• JTAG Control
• 量産
– PP ASIC(5mm角) 25k 済み
– SLB ASIC(10mm角) 5k
• 度重なる失敗を繰り返し、つ
いに完成 4月量産予定
23
H-pT ASIC
VDEC-Hitachi 0.35mm CMOS Gate Array
• 回路設計、レイアウト設計全て自前
• 第2段trigger matrix (all logic)
• FPGA感覚で出来た!
– でも、後からバグが見つかったりする。外付け回路で逃げる。
• 1.2k chips 量産
• FPGAでは無理?
–
–
–
–
–
放射線SEE
多入出力
多配線資源
多Flip-Flop
FPGA自動配置
配線では辛い
24
ATLAS Muon TDC (AMT) chip
ミューオン検出器用TDC ~40万チャンネル
 400 kHz/ch最大入力レート, 100 kHz トリガーレート
 立ち上がり/下がり(幅)エッジ時間測定
 781 ps/bit, 250 ps RMS 分解能
 トリガーに対応したデータのみ選択出力
 80 Mbps Serial/32bit Parallel Output
 放射線耐性
( >50 krad, Low SEE, > 10year LHC)
 Double Hit Resolution ~5 ns
 安価(¥200/ch), 低電力 (~15 mW/ch)
& 高密度 (24 ch/chip)
 0.3 mm CMOS

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ATLAS MDT Front-end Electronics
ASD
AMT
信号の立ち上がり/下がり及び
スルーレートの測定を行う。
Bipolar Shaping
MDT
Threshold
AMT
(ATLAS Muon TDC)
artificial dead time
Preamp/
Shaper Discri Leading + Trailing
Charge
Integration
x 8 ch
Leading + Charge
Trigger
Time-to-Digital
Conversion
M
U
X
8ch
L1 Buf
Data
ASD
ASD
8ch
PLL
8ch
ASD
24 ch
to
Chamber
Service
Module
26
ATLAS AMT 現状
• 20,000チップ量産終了。
• 17,000 Frontend Board生産終了。
• 現在チェンバーへの取付中。
他実験での応用
• AMT-VME ボード(~100台販売), K2K, Cangaroo,理研…
• Bell アップグレード(Copper TDC Finessボード)
• Bepi Colimbo 水星探査衛星(宇宙科学研)搭載予定。
• Super-K アップグレード(〜4万チャンネル)使用予定。
• Ionwerks Inc. 微量分析装置(米国)
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次期測定器技術開発のプラン
LHC upgrade (SuperLHC)のシナリオ
2007
2010
2014
実験開始
Low luminosity run
High luminosity run
Higgs (or SUSY)発見か
発見から精密測定のphaseへ
focusing quadrupole の radiation limit < 700 fb-1
upgradeの可能性を検討
luminosity × 10 (1034 → 1035 cm-2s-1)
√s × 2
R&D 開始
(3年)
量産開始
(5年)
install
ATLAS全体としてもUpgradeの詳細な検討が開始
Workshop on ATLAS Upgrades for High Luminosity (2005.02)
28
Detector upgrades for SLHC
Magnets
Calorimeter
Muon Spectrometer
OK (need minor changes)
Inner Tracker
Need major detector upgrades due to radiation damage and large occupancy
pixels detector
Si microstrip detector
Transition radiation detector
(chamber)
6×1015 n/cm2
3×1014 n/cm2
6×1013 n/cm2
10years
Radiation damege → charge collection の悪化、
leakage current の増大、
full depletion voltage の増大
× 10
S/Nの悪化
coolingの負担 (-10℃)
HV PSの負担
29
SCT upgrades R&D
strip type
short strip
stripixel
long pixel
Wafer
channel数を押さえる工夫
: radiation hard Si sensor
n- type bulk (radiation damege を受けて p- にtype inversion)
→
p- type bulk (waferの安定な入手が困難)
Standard Floating Zone (高抵抗単結晶Siの製法の標準)
Diffusion oxygenated FZ
Czochralski
oxygen rich → rad hard
Magnetic Cz
Epitaxial layers on Cz-substrates
n- type bulk は使えないのか?
n- strip (w/ p- stop) in n- bulk
Thin layer
量産可能な技術であること
30
SCT upgrades R&D (2)
Readout ASIC
Deep sub-micron CMOS Technology
CERN successfully developed rad-hard DSM technology
(IBM 0.25 μm)
SiGe BICMOS Technology
Low power, High speed, Low noise
(radiation hard?)
Irradiation test facility
3×1015 n/cm2 Irradiation test が必要。
KEK PS EP1A (2×1012 PPP) → 1week
放射化物質の移動 → 国内で、行いたい
31
資料
32
33
AMTブロック図
Chamber Resolution
34
Summary
•
1200 TGCs have been produced in Japan
–
•
We created the required environment to make 2 TGCs/day.
We have to make uniform quality
–
Controlling the TGC’s surface distortion < 200 mm
• We have developed some tools (screen painting method or
air control at gluing)
TGC
type
Units
TGC
Need
Wheel
for
ATLAS
FR4
Frames
# of TGCs
Units
T7
Process
Yield
# of Module
Units
Total
Yield
rate
Process
Yield
M1
96
720
356
98.9%
113
95.2%
94.2%
M2
96
441
218
98.9%
106
97.2%
96.1%
M3
96
442
221
100.0%
108
97.7%
97.7%
T4
M2
96
432
215
99.5%
107
99.5%
99.1%
T5
M3
96
433
214
98.8%
107
100.0%
98.8%
SUM
480
2468
1224
541
35