Transcript software - James Miller`s NihonLinks

販売規制・技術基準・適合証明の
相互補完
販売規制は執行のトラブルにルーツ
技術基準は割当レベルでの混信チェック
適合証明は機器の事前チェック
ソフト無線の適合証明についてはソフト
保護ルールが強制になった
3
混信問題を解く技法
電波共同利用時代への課題
常時利用の混信をどう防ぐかという問題
点への議論
割当による技術基準、その他の規則
機器への事前チェック
常時利用による調整
4
技術基準、その他の規則
§ 303. Powers and duties of Commission
Classify radio stations;
Prescribe the nature of the service…
Assign bands of frequencies to the various classes…, and assign frequencies for
each individual station and determine the power…;
(f) Make such regulations … to prevent interference between stations and to carry
out the provisions of this chapter…;
(g) Study new uses for radio, provide for experimental uses of frequencies, and
generally encourage the larger and more effective use of radio in the public interest;
(r) …carry out the provisions of this chapter, or any international radio or wire
communications treaty or convention…
(y) Have authority to allocate electromagnetic spectrum so as to provide flexibility
of use, if-• consistent with international agreements …; and
• …after notice and an opportunity for public comment, that-–
…would be in the public interest;
–
…would not deter investment in communications services and systems, or technology development;
and
–
…would not result in harmful interference among users.
5
技術基準、その他の規則（２）
３０３条による包括的権限
割当において
共有可能な基礎的条件を設ける
ＩＴＵ
国内のルールメイキング
常時利用上での混信ルール
技術基準
混信対策ルール
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常時利用による混信対処法
免許制による免許人への執行
免許人同士による対策法
周波数帯による調整役
ＦＣＣによる公式的対処
免許不要局における常時利用
１５．５の基礎条件
•
•
•
•
利用する権利がない
有害な混信を起こさない
混信を受けても保護権がない
警告があった場合、直ちに業務停止する
非公式的な調整
7
混信対処が困難な状況へ
免許制による免許人への法の執行
電波の共同利用が進む一方にある
電波利用が多様化し、繁栄している
性能向上し、機器が安価になりつつある
免許不要の場合においての常時利用
免許または登録によるデータがない
巨大な市場規模
利用者は、電波技術及び規制については無知
実行上の混信対策は経済的・技術的負担が大きい
機器への規制は尚、重視すべき！
8
規制緩和に重要な措置とバランス
“Flexibilityに対してのInterference Protection”均衡感
規制の柔軟性
事業者は事業の新しい取り組み方に挑戦できる
新しい利用が生まれ易い
新開発にたいする負担を軽くする効果が得られる
“Harmful Interference”への懸念とその規制
電波利用環境の安定と新規事業への投資の発展
既存免許人に対する法律上の権利の保護
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適合証明による混信チェック
Device-Oriented Approach
監視・法の執行の沿革
実利用での監視は金銭的・労働的な負担が大きい
問題対処策として、議会がＦＣＣ販売規制の権限を、法律
改正により、与えた
以前からあった適合証明制度の義務履行の強化
混信の監視・法の執行は“野戦からラボへ”となった
10
“Device-Oriented”制度の沿革
通信法上、ＦＣＣには販売規制の権限がないという
指摘が、法の執行に悪影響及ぼしていると懸念され
６０年代後半にかけて、米議会では、不正または不
調な送信機による混信に対する監視・法の執行問題
について審議された
公聴会では、ガレージの自動ドア制御機などから航
空交通管制などが混信を受けることが、５８件指摘さ
れた
１９６８年の通信法の３０２条の改正により、混信を対
処するため、ＦＣＣに販売規制の権限が与えられた
11
“Device-Oriented”制度の沿革
47 U.S.C. Section 302a. Devices which interfere with radio reception
(a) Regulations
The Commission may, consistent with the public interest,
convenience, and necessity, make reasonable regulations (1)
governing the interference potential of devices which in their
operation are capable of emitting radio frequency energy by
radiation, conduction, or other means in sufficient degree to cause
harmful interference to radio communications; and (2) establishing
minimum performance standards for home electronic equipment and
systems to reduce their susceptibility to interference from radio
frequency energy. Such regulations shall be applicable to the
manufacture, import, sale, offer for sale, or shipment of such
devices and home electronic equipment and systems, and to the use
of such devices.
(b) Restrictions
No person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, or
ship devices or home electronic equipment and systems, or use
devices, which fail to comply with regulations promulgated pursuant
to this section.
•
See S. Rep. No. 1276, 90th Cong., 2d Sess. 1968, 1968 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2486, 2487 (1968 Senate Report); see
generally 47 C.F.R §§ 2.901, 2.1033, 15.5 et seq (defining the FCC’s equipment certification and RFI requirements)
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“Device-Oriented”制度のポイント
販売規制の権限による適合証明の認証を義務付け
て、認証を受けていないものの製造、輸入、販売、広
告活動などを禁止する
•
(b) Restrictions No person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, or ship devices or home electronic
equipment and systems, or use devices, which fail to comply with regulations promulgated pursuant to this
section.
それぞれの技術基準に適合しているかどうかの市場
に出る前の事前チェック
市場に出回る前に、不調・不正な機器の取り締まり
が可能になる
不正な利用目的のために製造する機器を取り締まる
権限になる
13
ソフト無線の適合証明制で見る
最新技術ルールのバランス
2001年のソフト無線の規則制定“SDR”の定義づけ、柔軟
性と電波環境の保護の“バランス “への発信
ソフト無線を定義
周波数帯、変調方式および最大出力がソフトの更新のみにより、更新可
能な送信機に限る
•
transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum
output power (either radiated or conducted) can be altered by making a change in software that
controls the operation of the device without making any changes in the hardware components
that affect the radio frequency emissions.
ＳＤＲとしての適合証明を受けることは強制ではなかった
ＳＤＲで適合証明を行うと“Class III change” の再証明が
可能になる
証明の手続が簡易になる
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Cognitive Radio!!
CRは２００３年５月に、FCCのワークショップの対象にされ
て、意見募集のためのドケットET#03-108が同時に開か
れ
２００３年１２月３０日にCRについての規則政策の取り組み、CRの
様々な機能、応用方法、や規則について意見を募集した
CRにはどんな機能があって、電波監理でどうようふうに活かせるかについて。
９００MHz、２.４５GHz、及び５GHz帯において、電波の「空き」が観察された場合、
高出力(POWER)のアンライセンス規定の規則改正の提案についての意見募集。
CRは電波利用についての第二次売買市場(secondary markets)の実現化で応用で
きるか、引続き、消防・警察に公用と商業の第二次売買市場を実現させる高度信
頼機敏性という技術が存在するかについて。
メッシュネットワーク、衛星と陸上などのリアルタイムによる電波の共用を可能に
する技術の応用、条例改正の必要性について。
既存しているSDRのセキュリティ、適合証明などの条例を改正する必要性につい
て。
56名からの意見、14名からの応答意見 、技術、経済、ポ
リシーによる程度の高いコメントを様々
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Cognitive Radio R&Oによる
適合証明ルールの改正
ＳＤＲの適合証明が義務的になり、第三者
によるソフトの更新が行えないようプロテク
トの機能が必要とする:
“software that controls the RF operating parameters is
designed or expected to be modified by a party other than the
manufacturer to comply with the rules for software defined
radios, including the requirement to incorporate security
features to prevent unauthorized modifications to the
software”
ソースコードの提出をしなくてもよくなった
が、アルゴリズムについての説明を要する
16
Thank You!
ご清聴、どうも有り難う
ございました！
17
参考資料：
通信法第３０２a条, 47 U.S.C. Sec. 302a, available at
http://uscode.house.gov/search/criteria.shtml
ＦＣＣの免許不要制の第１５章の規則集、47 C.F.R. Pt. 15, et. Seq., available at
http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/rules/part15/part15-91905.pdf
通信法第３０１～３０３条の干渉予防権限についての最近の裁決依頼、OET seeks
comment on petition from continental airlines for declaratory ruling regarding whether certain
restrictions on antenna installation are permissible under the commission's over-the-air
reception devices (otard) rules, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-052213A1.doc
技術工学部が公開した通信法第３０１～３０３条上での干渉予防権限についての裁決、
COMMISSION STAFF CLARIFIES FCC’S ROLE REGARDING RADIO
INTERFERENCE MATTERS AND ITS RULES GOVERNING CUSTOMER
ANTENNAS AND OTHER UNLICENSED EQUIPMENT, available at
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-04-1844A1.doc
ＵＷＢ（超広帯域通信）の議事進行で通信法第３０１～３０３条上での干渉予防権限につ
いて触れた判決命令、In re Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding UltraWideband Transmission Systems, ET Docket # 98-153 2nd MOO& 2nd RO, FCC 04-285 Rel.
Dec.16, 2004
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更なる課題について、、、
19
適合証明の例外・免除
Statutory and FCC exemptions offer FOSS developers
flexibility in developing certain SDR
Part 97 Amateur Radio Services are subject only to limited
Part 2 requirements
Home-built devices are excluded from equipment
authorization requirements.
(a) Equipment authorization is not required for devices that are not marketed,
are not constructed from a kit, and are built in quantities of five or less for
personal use.
(b) It is recognized that the individual builder of home-built equipment may
not possess the means to perform the measurements for determining
compliance with the regulations. In this case, the builder is expected to
employ good engineering practices to meet the specified technical standards
to the greatest extent practicable. The provisions of Sec. 15.5 apply to this
equipment.
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“Home-Built”の例外
Development of wireless hardware is not an easy task.
Amateur community today, most radios in use are
manufactured “shacks” and Johan Costas SSB's adoption
Dilemna
The many projects that are readily available are directed at
Amateur licensees in spectrum FOSS developers would not
be legally permitted
Projects not usable in the Commission's Part 15 frequencies
No “kits” permitted so roll from scratch or naught
21
ソフト無線の原理に反する
規則作り、、
Technical potential of software makes SDR so important to
spectrum reform and undue focus on hardware development
robs SDR software development of its central strength.
Requiring developers to first acquire expert hardware
wireless engineering fabrication skills before entering the
wireless software dev not consistent with policies for
encouraging SDR development
Thus, as a practical matter home-built designs are out of
reach of most developers, and as a regulatory matter off-theshelf or kit development approaches are not permitted
without teeing up Commission certification
22
その他の適合証明問題
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), individual
software experimentation that circumvents “copyright
protection schemes” are subject to strict legal sanctions
The SDR software hardening scheme would likely involve a
protection scheme that by definition is not only designed, but
Commission rule required, to protect the software of the
device
SDR software modifications raise certain DMCA legal
interpretation concerns.
23
Pt. 15 and Real-Time Use
Current market in unlicensed devices excellent
illustration of the effectiveness of the above approach of
balancing flexibility with reasonable protections against
harmful interference
Balance of the Part 15 rules provides significant
regulatory flexibility promoting real-time spectrum
access, at the cost of technical flexibility and real-time
spectrum efficiency
Pt. 15 devices are ubiquitous, and widely used in every
demographic of the U.S. public
24
Pt. 15 and Real-Time Use
WiFi, Bluetooth, etc. technical rules in Part 15
Rules allow spectrum use without an individual license
subject to various conditions
Use of spectrum under Part 15 rules are subject to the
general conditions of operation in Section 15.5.
denies any use constituents any vested or recognizable
right to continued use of any give frequency.
operations do not enjoy protection from harmful
interference
subject to the condition that it not cause harmful
interference and must cease operation when notified it
may.
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Pt. 15 and Real-Time Use
Rule that WiFi, Bluetooth and many other unlicensed
applications operate under allows two flavors of spectrum
protocols that balance allowable power and bandwidth
frequency hopping and digitally modulated intentional
radiators
Technical provisions prevent harmful interference and
other problems such as
spectrum hogging (bandwidth and timing)
congestion (timing and channelization)
• transmissions of a certain breadth, with a certain separation, and certain
degree of randomness in selecting operating frequencies
• minimum 6 dB bandwidth of at least 500 kHz with regard to the output
and are also subject to a power spectral density requirement the further
defines the acceptable bandwidth power relationship
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Pt. 15 and Real-Time Use
For bulk of consumers this balance is appropriate one
Has yielded tremendous benefits and satisfied FCC's obligations under the act to
“maintain the control of the United States over all the channels of radio
transmission; and to provide for the use of such channels…by persons for limited
period of time, under licenses granted by Federal authority…” while at the same
time “encourag[ing] the provision of new technologies and services to the
public.”
However, for FOSS software developers significant
drawbacks to using the Part 15 framework for wireless
software development exist
certification
Part 15 rules are not well-suited to open-ended real-time
engineering experimentations.
drafted conservatively with a mass consumer market in
mind
27
Pt. 15 and Real-Time Use
Development environment of the certification and part 15
rules are not tuned for the independent FOSS
entrepreneur.
This is not a fault of the rules or the Commission but
simply a function of the assumptions and balance
achieved by the rules.
Modifying the existing balance of SDR certification or
other rules could pose serious risks to the overall balance
achieved by the rules
28
SDR Dev on Amateur
Relative to Pt. 15, Amateur licensees have access to a
liberal certification system and real-time spectrum
experimentation environment.
Real-time spectrum use and technical modifications
Sections 97.305 and 97.305 provide broad directives for
authorized emission types and standards,
for example compare Pt. 15 technical rules with 97 def.
that “[a] data emission using an unspecified digital code . . .
also may be transmitted” with an authorized bandwidth 100
kHz subject to the caveat that “[n]o amateur station
transmission shall occupy more bandwidth than necessary for
the information rate and emission type being transmitted, in
accordance with good amateur practice.”
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