Transcript Extensive Reading at Shinshu University

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Extensive Reading
Mark Brierley
Shinshu University
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What is ER?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extensive Reading
Graded reading
SSR
「多読」
…「楽読」
Side reading
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
3
What is ER?
“Students reading a lot of easy,
enjoyable books”
「読みやすく、楽しめる本をたくさん読むこ
と。」
- Marc Helgesen (2005).
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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What is ER?
“The royal road to learning”
(学習への王道)
夏目 漱石
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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What is ER?
「英語を極めたければ、毎日数時間は英語
を読め」
松本亨
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Why ER?
• Input hypothesis
- Stephen Krashen (1985)
• Vocabulary and collocation
- Paul Nation and Rob Waring (1997)
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Top Ten Words
1
2
3
4
5
THE
AND
What are they in
Japanese?
TO
What are
What
the most
percentage of
A
commonEnglish
words is
in written
OF
English?
with
these
words?
I
6
7
8
9
HE
WAS
SHE
10
IT
25%
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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What does “to” mean?
• I’m about to go to Tokyo to attend to
some business.
•
•
•
•
about to
to [place]
to [infinitive]
to attend to
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
Words and text coverage
Words and text coverage
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Vocabulary size
5000
6000
7000
...scarcely...directly...position...kindness...although...laughing...oppos
•themselves...everything...immediately...understand...afterwards...co
ite...mistress...stranger...somebody...finished...wouldn't...mother's...p
.conduct...telling..
nversation...appearance...particular...circumstances...impossible...co
romised...dreadful...shoulder...whenever...somewhat...greatest...coul
.passion...meeting...offered...matters
nsidered...altogether...countenance...opportunity...determined...espe
dn't...servants...thought...himself...without...nothing...another...hersel
...private...justice...letters...holding...delight...weather..
cially...acquaintance...particularly...expression...difficulty...understoo
notice...figure...
f...through...perhaps...against...because...between...morning...howeve
.written...kitchen...persons...quarter...ashamed...quickly...
d...satisfaction...confidence...consequence...difference...frightened...s
twenty...months...broken...secret..
writing...quietly...touched...smiling...watched...manners...calling
r...looking...towards...brought...replied...believe...present...whether...
omething...gentleman...sometimes...therefore...certainly...continued..
once…love
.minute...showed...pounds...nearly...school...
...little...should...before...though...having...looked...better...always
evening...suppose...chapter...country...husband...certain...already...fri
...seemed...enough...indeed...mother...myself...rather...father...people..
.different...character...knowledge...necessary...beautiful...presently...a
heaven...beauty...desire...effect...caught...regard..
...knew...lady...room..
ends...feeling...account...neither...subject...company...opinion...broth
Words
we
There
are
many
.things...almost...moment...friend...turned...called...manner...course....
ttention...beginning...happiness...gentlemen...perfectly...everybody...
.follow...spoken...raised...future...temper...appear.
.sure...door...told...till...felt
Words
we have seen
er...entered...married...general...silence...turning...forward...several...
.matter...really...passed...behind...person...making...within...answer...let.
understand
English
words!
mentioned...affection...exclaimed...companion...breakfast...afternoo
can
use
.easily...unless...expect...sudden...latter...garden...
...both...side...seen
strange...purpose...pleased...trouble...sitting...getting...there's...beside
reason...pretty...others...that's...either...taking...walked...strong...nate..
n...otherwise...condition...situation...following...advantage...miserable
honest...you'll...bright...danger...proper...talked.
s...hundred...minutes...carried...instead...natural...further...obliged...
hardly...saying...wanted...return...fellow...afraid...honour...ground
...who...gone.
...surprised...direction...generally...satisfied...tomorrow...proceeded...
..public...forget...speech...slowly...sooner
...except...seeing...second...window...sister...longer...wonder…
knowing...fortune...talking...spirits...stopped...leaving...promise...com
according...anything...together...answered...returned...business...plea
..during...dinner...across...doctor...living...wished...silent.
...gentle...placed..
fort...captain...laughed...reached...walking...waiting...exactly...service..
..common...likely...length...street...become..giving...
sure...yourself...children...appeared...thinking...question...possible...r
.putting...society...perfect...journey...arrived...engaged...respect...hist
struck...church...object..ladies...former..
emember...daughter...interest...thoughts...followed...received...whate
ory...mention...clothes...settled...running...allowed...outside...hearing
.corner...spirit...horses...
ver...happened...observed...suddenly...creature...standing...expected.
...serious...farther...changed...o'clock...passing...greater...reading...an
..distance...occasion...remained...speaking...marriage...presence...feel
ybody...started...meaning...servant...keeping...finding...anxious..
Word concentric circles
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What are these?
• What are they called in Japanese?
• 漢字で書いてください！
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Vocabulary Questions
• What is wine made from?
• Pinot noir, cabernet sauvignon and
chardonnay are varieties of _______?
• What is 葡萄 in English?
• What is the common name for vitis
vinifera?
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Do you know the word?
• How do you spell it?
• What is it in Japanese?
• What does it mean?
Japanese
Word
Japanese
Word
English
Japanese
English
Word
Word
Word
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Do you know the word?
•
•
•
•
What nuances does it have?
How do you use the word?
What situations do you use it in?
Which words does it like?
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Noun-verb Collocations
• 靴を履く
• コートを着る
• めがねをかける
• Wear shoes
• Wear a coat
• Wear glasses
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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More collocations
• パンを焼く
• 卵を焼く
• 魚を焼く
• Bake bread
• Fry an egg
• Grill a fish
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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More collocations
• have a cold
• make a mistake
• take a train
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Collocation
• Words “hunt in packs”
– (Thornbury, 1998)
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Top ten
1
2
3
4
5
THE
OF THE
I DOI DO
N'T N'T KNOW
AND
IN THE
THERE
I DOWAS
N'T THINK
A
TOIT WAS
ONEI DO
OF THE
N'T WANT
A TO THE
IT WAS
THEAEND OF THE
OFON DO
THEDO
N'T N'T
KNOW
WANT TO
6
7
8
9
I AT THE
I DID
I 'M
N'T
GOING TO
HEDO IN'T
'MFOR
NOTTHE FIRST TIME
WAS
HE WAS
I CATHE
N'T REST OF THE
SHE
TO BE
YOU
ATDO
THE
N'TEND OF
10
ITANDHE
THE
DID
IN THE
N'TMIDDLE OF
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Probability
• “the”: 1 in 20 words
• “of”: 1 in 50 words
– “of the”: 1 in 200 words
• (not 1 in 1,000 words)
– “the of”: never!
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Probability
• “the”: 1 in 20 words
• “of”: 1 in 50 words
• “one”: 1 in 400
– “One of the” 1 in 3,000 words
• (not 1 in 400,000)
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Collocation
length in top 1,000
"words"
Collocation
graph
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1
2
3
4
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Experiment
• You will see four sentences in
Japanese. Each will appear for the
same time. Try to read each sentence.
• Are you ready?
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• 各文章は、四秒半で消えます。
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• 辞書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書をたく
さん読むがよい
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• 難句集というものは一方に偏していわば
軽業の稽古である
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• おまわりさんはおいしいハンバーガーを
がぶりとかみつきました。
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• そうりだいじんはこくさいかいぎでじゅう
ようなはつげんをしました。
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Which was easier?
• 辞書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書をたく
さん読むがよい
• 難句集というものは一方に偏していわば
軽業の稽古である
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Which was easier?
• おまわりさんはおいしいハンバーガーをが
ぶりとかみつきました。
• そうりだいじんはこくさいかいぎでじゅうよ
うなはつげんをしました。
• 総理大臣は国際会議で重要な発言をしま
した。
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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夏目漱石『現代読書法』 （1906年）
• “英語を修むる青年はある程度まで修めたら辞
書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書を沢山読むが
よい、少し解らない節があって其処は飛ばして
読んでいってもドシドシと読書していくと終いに
は解るようになる、又前後の関係でも了解せら
れる、其れでも解らないのは滅多に出ない文字
である、要するに 英語を学ぶ者は日本人がちょ
うど国語を学ぶような状態に自然的習慣によっ
てやるがよい、即ち幾変となく繰り返し繰り返し
するがよい、ちと極端な話のようだ が之も自然
Intro
の方法であるから手当たり次第読んでいくがよ
Vocab
Collocation
かろう。
Experiment
Outro
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• 彼の難句集なども読んで器械的に暗唱するの
は拙い、殊に彼のようなものの中から試験問題
等 出すというのはいよいよつまらない話である、
何故ならば難句集などでは一般の学力を鑑定
することは出来ない、学生の綱渡りが出来るか
否やを視るぐらいなもので、学生も要するにきわ
どい綱渡りはできても地面の上が歩けなくては
仕方のない話ではないか、難句集というものは
一方に偏していわば軽業の稽古である。試験
官などが時間の節約上且つは気の利いたもの
を出したいというのであんな者を出すのは、や
Intro
Vocab
やもすると弊害を起こすのであるから斯様なも
Collocation
ののみ出すのは宜しくない。
Experiment
Outro
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もし
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本
35
を
36
読む
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とき
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に
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、
40
一語
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一語
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読んで
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行く
44
なら
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全体
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の
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意味
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を
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理解
50
する
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こと
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は
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できない
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でしょう
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。
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Collocations
• You can only read quickly if you have
seen words and collocations many
times.
• You can only see words and
collocations many times if you read
quickly!
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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The brain is a forgetting machine
• R ＝ Memory
• S ＝ Strength of impression
• t ＝ time
– Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
The Forgetting Curve
Words and text coverage
Words and text coverage
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Vocabulary size
5000
6000
7000
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Extensive Reading
• “Extensive” in ER
= “a lot”
• “A lot” depends on how much you have
read
• 1,000,000 words
– A native speaker in one year
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Start climbing!
In 6 years of study at
If
Mount
YariatisShinshu
After
a
year
junior and senior high
500,000
words...
university,
most
students
school, students have
have
reached
Matsumoto
th
reached 14 floor of
Tokyo building
14th
Floor
60 m
槍ヶ岳
3,180 m
松本
600 m
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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What do you need?
• Books
• Time
• Permission to enjoy reading
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Sakai-sensei’s 3 Rules
1. No dictionaries
2. If you don’t know a word,
ignore it
3. If it’s boring, stop reading
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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1. No dictionaries
They cause frustration
They don’t help you remember
Choose books you can enjoy
without a dictionary!
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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2. If you don’t know a word,
ignore it!
Concentrate on what you DO know
Read faster, and read more
Choose books you can enjoy skipping
through!
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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3. If it’s boring, stop reading
Don’t try too hard
There are many other books to read
You can read it later
Stop reading as soon as possible!
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Don’t try!
• Just read...
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
Writing ability
T13
Writing
ability
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
Books Read
Correlation 0.58
30
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Why are you studying English?
• For exams?
• For your life?
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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Improving in English
• There is no short cut!
• There is an easy way, and an
enjoyable way.
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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参考
• http://www.seg.co.jp/sss/
• http://tadoku.org/
• http://www.benikomason.net/students/fr
ee_voluntary_reading.html
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro
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• Thornbury, Scott 'The Lexical
Approach: a journey without maps?'
MET Vol7 No4 Oct 1998
Intro
Vocab
Collocation
Experiment
Outro