麻酔と動物福祉

松田 幸久 秋田大学 バイオサイエンス教育・研究センター 動物実験部門

動物の愛護及び管理に関する法律

最終改正：平成17年6月22日 第四十一条 動物を科学上の利用に供する場合の方法、事後措置等

１ 動物を教育、試験研究又は生物学的製剤の製造の用その 他の科学上の利用に供する場合には、科学上の利用の目的 を達することができる範囲において、 できる限り動物を供 する方法に代わり得るものを利用する こと、 できる限りそ の利用に供される動物の数を少なくする こと等により動物 を適切に利用することに配慮するものとする。 ２ 動物を科学上の利用に供する場合には、その利用に必 要な限度において、 できる限りその動物に苦痛を与えない 方法によってしなければならない 。

Law concerning the Protection and Control ofAnimals （Revised June 22,2007） Section 41 Use of experimental animals for scientific purposes 1. Anyone who uses animals for scientific purposes experiment under following considerations.

should carry out the If the reason for the experiment has not been detrimental; –use the replacement other than animals. → ( Replacement ) –Reduce the numbers of animals used. → ( Reduction ) 2.

Anyone who uses animals for scientific purposes must New addition carry out the experiment with a method which caused the least possible suffering.

→ ( Refinement ) --------> Existing

実験動物の飼養及び保管 等 に関する基準 ( 1980年 3月27日） 実験動物の飼養及び保管並びに 苦痛の軽減 に関する基準 ( 2005年 6月22日） 第５ 実験等の実施上の配慮及び終了後の処置 (1) 実験等に当たっては、その実験等の目的に支障を及ぼさない 範囲で 麻酔薬等を投与すること等 によりできる限り実験動物に 苦痛を与えないようにするとともに、保温等適切な処置を採るこ と。 既存の条文 ＋ 鎮痛薬の投与、エンドポイントの設定

WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI （Adopted by1964, amended by 2000） Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects B. BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL RESEARCH 11. Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate, animal experimentation .

12. Appropriate caution must be exercised in the conduct of research which may affect the environment, and the welfare of animals used for research must be respected.

） INTERNATIONAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING ANIMALS （1985 CIOMS) 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES V. Investigators and other personnel should never fail to treat animals as sentient, and should regard their proper care and use and the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, or pain as ethical imperatives.

VI. Investigators should assume that procedures that would cause pain in human beings cause pain in other vertebrate species, although more needs to be known about the perception of pain in animals.

VII. Procedures with animals that may cause more than momentary or minimal pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia in accordance with accepted veterinary practice.

by chemical agents.

Surgical or other painful procedures should not be performed on unanesthetized animals paralysed

EU Directive：Council Directive 86/609/EEC(1986)

Article1.

The aim of this Directive is to ensure that where animals are used for experimental or other scientific purposes the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative provisions in the Member States … 1. Austria 2. Belgium 3. Cyprus 4. Czech Republic 5. Denmark 6. Estonia 7. Germany 8.

Greece 9.

Finland 10. France 11. Hungary 12. Ireland 13. Italy EU MEMBER STATES 25 14.

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Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom (2004 new member）

Article 8 1. All experiments shall be carried out under general or local anaesthesia.

2. Paragraph 1 above does not apply when: (a) anaesthesia is judged to be more traumatic to the animal than the experiment itself; (b) anaesthesia is incompatible with the object of the experiment. In such cases appropriate legislative and/or administrative measures shall be taken to ensure that no such experiment is carried out unnecessarily.

Anaesthesia should be used in the case of serious injuries which may cause severe pain.

3. If anaesthesia is not possible, analgesics or other appropriate methods should be used in order to ensure as far as possible that pain, suffering, distress or harm are limited and that in any event the animal is not subject to severe pain, distress or suffering.

4. Provided such action is compatible with the object of the experiment, an anaesthetized animal, which suffers considerable pain once anaesthesia has worn off, shall be treated in good time with pain-relieving means or, if this is not possible, shall be immediately killed by a humane method.

German Animal Welfare Act Section V : Experiments on Animals 1.

Only persons with the requisite expertise may conduct experiments on animals.

2.

Animal experiments involving surgical operations on vertebrates may be performed only by persons who have completed university studies in: 1) 2) veterinary medicine or medicine or biology (specializing in zoology), provided these persons are employed at universities or other scientific establishments. 3.

Vertebrates which have not been anaesthetized may not be subjected to operations causing serious injuries.

4.

The anaesthetic may be administered only by, or under the supervision of, a person meeting the conditions２-1), or 2).

Animal Welfare Act as Amended (7 USC, 2131-2156)

Section 13. (C) in any practice which could cause pain to animals (i) that a doctor of veterinary medicine is consulted in the planning of such procedures; (ii) for the use of tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics ; (iii) for presurgical and postsurgical care by laboratory workers in accordance with established veterinary medical and nursing procedures; (iv) against the use of paralytics without anesthesia; and (v) that the withholding of tranquilizers, anesthesia, analgesia, or euthanasia when scientifically necessary shall continue for only the necessary period of time;

U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training I. The transportation, care, and use of animals should be in accordance with the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. 2131 et seq.) and other applicable Federal laws, guidelines, and policies.1

IV. Proper use of animals, including the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative . V. Procedures with animals that may cause more than momentary or slight pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia.

Surgical or other painful procedures should not be performed on unanesthetized animals paralyzed by chemical agents.

VI. Animals that would otherwise suffer severe or chronic pain or distress that cannot be relieved should be painlessly killed at the end of the procedure or, if appropriate, during the procedure .

ANESTHESIA, PAIN, AND SURGERY • References Animal Pain. Perception and Alleviation. R. L. Kitchell. H. H. Erickson. E. Carstens. and L. E. Davis. 1983. Bethesda. Md.: American Physiological Society. 231 pp. • Categories of Invasiveness in Animal Experiments. Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. Vol. 1(2nd ed.). Appendix SV-B, pp.201-202.

• Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. D. B. Morton and P. H. M. Griffiths. 1985. Vet. Rec. 116:431-436. •Laboratory Animal Anesthesia: An Introduction for Research Workers and Technicians. P. A. Flecknell. 1987. San Diego: Academic Press. 156 pp.

Medical College of Georgia Office of Laboratory Animal Services Management of Pain and Distress Pain and distress greater than that induced by injections or simple percutaneous blood sampling should be relieved by the use of anesthetics and/or analgesics. The use of ether is prohibited.

The following charts describe the commonly used anesthetics and analgesics at MCG. You must have a DEA License to purchase controlled drugs (barbiturates, valium, butorphanol, buprenorphine, morphine, etc.) Ketamine is a Schedule III controlled drug as of August 12, 1999.

procedures.

Paralytic agents (pancuronium, succinylcholine, etc.) are not analgesics and must be used in combination with anesthetics during painful

Practice of Animal Welfare in Each Country

Country UK Germany Law enact revise 1876 1999 Invest.

accredit Nation Protocol approve Nation 1972 1998 State State US 1966 1985 No IACUC Canada Japan No 1973 No 2005 No No IACUC IACUC Institute IACUC Exp. Vet.

Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No

わが国における動物実験規制の枠組み

動物愛護法 家庭動物等の基準 展示動物の基準 実験動物の基準 産業動物の基準 文科省の基本指針 厚労省の基本指針 .

学術会議の 詳細指針 各研究機関の 動物実験指針

Claude Bernard (1813～1878) French Physiologist

Introduction a la medecine experimentale（1865） There were no anesthetics in his era.

He carried out vivisection of dogs without anesthesia.

His wife and daughter went on anti-vivisection group after his dead.

Rene Descartes （1596～1650） French Philosopher

Jeremy Bentham (1748～1832) British Philosopher

Painless Childbirth with Chloroform(1853) Cruelty to Animal Act (1876) Utilitarianism Pain is most enemy against ethics