Transcript Unit III 1800-1836

Unit IV
1800-1836
Part 1
Review
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Election of 1800 (The Revolution of 1800)
Campaign centered on taxes from war and Sedition
Act
Little change
 Tariff went up
 Whiskey tax abolished
 Naturalization back to 5 years
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Amendment 12
Judiciary Act 1801 & the Midnight Judges
Marbury v Madison 1803: established Judicial Review
The Federalists
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Had solved every major problem of the
Confederation period but will never win another
election because they lost the public trust
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NOTE: In some states electors were chosen by
popular vote rather than being chosen by state
legislators
Jefferson
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VP was Aaron Burr (until election of 1804)
Sec. of State was Madison
Sec. of the Treasury was Al Gallatin
Republicans tried unsuccessfully to impeach
federal judges who had imprisoned journalists
under the Sedition Act. Especially Chase
Jefferson and the Enlightenment
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Was a Deist
Well-rounded: inventor, scientist, linguist,
agriculturalist, architect
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Was Laissez-Faire: Downsize the Government,
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Downsize the Army
 Dismantle the Navy: could not due to the war with
the Barbary Pirates (We needed the Navy in 1812)
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Jefferson’s Goals
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Participation of the common man in
government (when he was educated and
sufficiently informed)
The eventual end of slavery
Women’s education: the Republican Mother
Payment of debts
No entangling alliances
Saw a largely agricultural U.S. with support from
industry
Education
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Jefferson called for education for all but states
not ready to support public schools
Few opportunities for women
Most high schools and universities affiliated with
a religious domination
University education available to prosperous
MEN
BUT universities no longer just for the ministry
Science curriculums
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Were offered due to the influence of the
Enlightenment
Benjamin Rush founded the first university
medical school at University of Pennsylvania in
the early 19th Century
Most lawyers still apprenticed and not university
trained
1819 Dartmouth College v
Woodward
Marshall ruled that a charter is a contract and that states
may not interfere into a contract
Background: Dartmouth College in NH was a private
school with a charter
The Republican dominated state legislature tried to turn
Dartmouth into a public institution
Marshall said, “No.”
Many who had held back will now be willing to invest
In industry. The Dartmouth case was important for
corporations
Cultural Changes
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To this point, the U.S. followed Europe’s lead in
terms of the arts
Now: some independence
The Hartford Wits: (Washington Irving,
Barlow, Brown) a group of writers from Conn
with a unique American style
Religion
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By 1790 only 10% were attending traditional
Churches
Due to the influence of the Enlightenment
Instead “rational” religions: Deism,
Unitarianism
Calvinism was just about gone
Salvation through the Grace of God will be
replaced with faith and free will
The Second Great Awakening
A reaction to the Enlightenment
 A religious revivalism to stop the flow of rationalism
in religion
 Preachers:
Dwight (Presbyterian)
Cartwright: the circuit-riding preacher
Asbury (Methodist)
Salvation now available to all
Large Camp Meetings (25,000)
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The
Second Great Awakening
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Women became more involved in the Churches
Black ministers had their own Great Awakening
Native Americans had Great Awakenings too
Neolin: Delaware Indian Prophet
Handsome Lake: Seneca Tribe
Industrial Revolution
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In England: Textiles biggest industry
Steam Power: 1769 Watt’s Improved Steam Engine
was a big deal
In America: Slow growth due to the influence of
Republicans
BUT immigrants from England brought the
technology
Sam Slater brought plans to the spinning mill
American Innovations
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Oliver Evans: Flour Mill, improved steam
engine and first engineering text: The Young
Millwright’s and Miller’s Guide
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Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin 1793
Within 10 years cotton production increased
eight fold
= Slavery more important than ever
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NOTE
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As New England continues to industrialize and
as the South embraces the cotton gin and slavery
two different American societies continue to
grow farther and farther apart
Transportation
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By 1793 America had more ships involved in
international commerce than anywhere else in
the world in proportion to the population.
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Toll Roads beginning in 1792
Steam Ships by 1815 (Fulton’s Clermont)
Canals by 1825 (Erie Canal in NY built by 1825)
Railroads hot stuff by 1850’s (began by 1828)
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The Cumberland Road
aka National Road
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From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Va.
Proposed by Gallatin
Approved by Republican Congress and
Jefferson
Cost (federal $) $ 20 million so not built until
later…1811-1818
NOTE: No provision in the Constitution for
use of federal funds for internal improvements
NOTE
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Under Jefferson, the Republican Congress was willing
to vote to federally funded roads because farmers
(Western Republicans) needed this help
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Federalists in New England wanted federally funded
roads as well to get to raw materials (cotton and wool)
faster and to get their finished goods to market faster.
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Southerners (Republicans) did not need roads as they
had E & W navigable rivers. Also, they were afraid
that the tariff might go higher to fund improvements.
Foreign Affairs under Jefferson
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War with Tripoli (the Barbary Pirates!)
1801 Pirates cut down American flagpole at U.S.
Consulate in Tripoli and threw camel dung at it
signaling they wanted to raise the cost of the tribute
Pirates captured The Philadelphia and crew (307)
Pirates wanted $3 million in ransom
Admiral Preble with The Constitution bombed the snot
out of Derna, Tripoli’s major port
As bombing continued, ransom demand decreased
War with the Barbary Pirates
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Stephen Decatur great American naval hero.
Captured two pirate ships and set The Philadelphia afire
so that it couldn’t be used against us
1805 peace settlement. U.S. paid $60,000 in ransom
Madison will finish off the pirates in his term
The Barbary War
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The war with the Barbary pirates was important
because:
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It saved the navy from being abolished.
We will need a navy for the War of 1812
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Also: it revealed the power of the President in
an undeclared war
The Louisiana Purchase
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The Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800: Spain secretly gave
the Louisiana Territory to France (Napoleon)
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Spain believed the land only valuable as a buffer
between the U.S. and Mexico
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Jefferson worried about having a new aggressive
neighbor…what about the Right of Deposit?
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NOTE: Jefferson’s CHIEF concern was western
trade
Louisiana Purchase
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Jefferson sent two diplomats: Livingston and
Monroe to France to make Napoleon an offer:
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$10 million for New Orleans and Florida
Florida was Spanish but we figured Napoleon
could bully Spain into letting us have it.
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Louisiana Purchase
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Napoleon was short on $
He was having trouble re-enslaving population in
Haiti
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Napoleon’s counter offer: $15 million for entire
Louisiana Territory! Also, inhabitants to become U.S.
Citizens
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Monroe and Livingston not authorized for more BUT
Louisiana Purchase
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It was a sweet deal! Too good to pass up…
The Treaty was brought to Jefferson
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Issues: Only congress has the power to
naturalize citizens…not the President
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Also…there is nothing in the Constitution that
says a President may acquire land this way (or
any other way)
Jefferson’s Quandary
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Jefferson still considered himself to be a strict
constructionist (the federal government can only do
what is spelled out in black and white in the
Constitution)
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Jefferson would have liked for congress to amend the
Constitution so that it WOULD be in black and
white BUT there was no time! Napoleon might
change his mind! He was not a patient man! What to
do?
Jefferson signed the treaty
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Although it did go against his principles
Hamilton urged him to do it for the good of the
country
Other Federalists not so happy. (later)
The treaty DID increase the security of the U.S.
It was certainly strategically located.
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Boundaries were unclear
1804 Election
Republicans:
Federalists:
Jefferson (162)
Pinckney (14)
Jefferson dropped Burr from the ticket.
New VP was Clinton
Exploratory Expeditions
1804-1806
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Louis and Clark were supposed to:
Find the source of the Mississippi River
 Find a route across the Rockies to the Pacific
 Observe the customs of the Indians
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Explorations
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Zebulon Pike was supposed to find the source of the
Mississippi
Claimed that the area between the Mississippi and the
Rockies was unfit for human habitation
Same opinion of Stephen Long, an explorer in the
1820’s
Jefferson: A perfect spot for the Indians!
All kinds of Indian removals will be sanctioned
beginning at this point.
Internal Dissension
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The New England Federalists were a minority in
Congress
Were not happy with the Louisiana Purchase
(although Hamilton supported it)
They knew that as states entered from the West, they
would be Republican states
And that Federalist power would continue to diminish
over time
Claimed the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional
based on strict construction!
Essex Junto
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New England Federalists formed Essex Junto in
1804
They schemed to form a confederacy of New
England states and leave the union
They knew that they would need New York if
they were going to make it
A gubernatorial election in NY was at hand
The Essex Junto
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They planned to recruit Aaron Burr to run for
governor of NY (but he was a republican!)
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Proposal: if Burr would agree to become a Federalist
and run for governor of NY and win, then he would
be President of the new confederation
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Burr was power hungry and agreed to the plan
Earlier
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The Essex Junto had offered the same proposal to
Hamilton
Hamilton turned them down
But now…Hamilton knew about the conspiracy.
Hamilton exposed the plan and blasted Burr whenever
he could
Burr lost the election and the Essex Junto fell apart
Aaron Burr
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His father was the second President of Princeton
(then, College of New Jersey)
Burr’s mother was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards
Burr was an officer in the American Rev. and served
with distinction under Benedict Arnold
Burr saved his regiment at the Battle of Long Island
Burr served at Valley Forge with distinction
As President of the Senate: “His fair and judicious
manner was recognized even by his bitterest
enemies…he helped to foster tradition in regard to
that position…generous to a fault..devoted to family”
Hamilton hated Burr
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Hamilton continued to insult Burr in public and
in the press even after the failed New York
election.
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In the end, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
So Hamilton got to choose the weapons
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Although Hamilton had a fine set of his own
dueling pistols, he chose to use a set owned by
his brother-in-law, Church
Why did Hamilton hate Burr so
much?
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Burr was an attorney.
One of his clients was the Manhattan Co. which
had been given a contract by New York State to
provide clean drinking water.
The Charter included a provision allowing the
company to establish a financial institution…a
bank (later the Chase Manhattan Bank)
This bank would be competition for Hamilton’s
BUS!
The Duel
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Dueling was illegal but Burr had little choice. He was
baited and insulted publically
Hamilton had mentioned Burr’s “despicable
character” in an editorial in the Albany Register
Hamilton brought down the gun and it fired high into
the trees
Burr shot Hamilton in the liver
Hamilton, before he died, said, “I never meant to
fire.”
Burr took off (he was still VP)
Burr was vilified by the history
books, Jefferson, everyone
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BUT in the 1970’s the Smithsonian asked Burr’s greatgreat granddaughter for permission to examine the
pistols which were in the vault of the Chase
Manhattan bank
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The Smithsonian discovered that the pistols had been
modified with a hair trigger mechanism
Hamilton knew it, Burr and most others did not
That’s why Hamilton chose these pistols!
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The Duel
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Normally, pistols had a 10-12 pound pull (a lot for an
index finger)
These pistols were modified with a hair trigger
Hamilton must have been nervous and the gun went
off too soon
Church had killed a man in England earlier with the
pistols
Hamilton’s son had used these pistols earlier but died
in his duel much like his father did!
Burr’s conspiracy in the West
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Burr was indicted for murder but ran away West
He conspired with others: A Spanish minister,
an English minister, the Governor of Louisiana
Territory, Wilkinson, and others to:
Conquer Mexico
 Have Western States and Louisiana territory succeed
from the union
 Form another country with Burr as king!
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Jefferson’s Reaction
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Jefferson offered blanket pardons to anyone
who would turn states evidence against Burr
Used federal Marshalls and federal funds to find
witnesses against Burr (found 140)
Burr’s whereabouts …the worst kept secret of
the day
Wilkinson was a turncoat. Sent frequent
missives to Jefferson regarding Burr’s actions
and movements
Burr was brought to trial for
treason
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Marshall was the judge
Marshall loved to bait Jefferson
Marshall openly sided with Burr
Disallowed many witnesses
To be guilty of treason…one must have two
witnesses to the same act
Marshall disallowed supporting witnesses so Burr was
acquitted
The End of Burr
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Burr went to France and tried to convince
Napoleon to conquer Canada and let Burr rule it
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Napoleon was not interested
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Burr returned home, changed his name,
practiced law in New York and died.