Transcript Slide 1

Linguistic, Biological, Historical, Artifacts,
Geographical, DNA and Cultural Evidence of
Norse and American Indian Interrelationships
Since 1000 A.D.
From before the year of 800 until 1100 A.D. the
Nordic race spread over new land areas.
The Vinland Map was allegedly created 50 years before Christopher Columbus
set sail, but amazingly, it features the coast of North America. Many other maps
existed by 1492 A.D.
http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/sc/web/series/1003102/secrets/3375254/a-viking-map
Six later planned voyages to by members and near connections of Erik
Thorwaldson’s family America are mentioned in the Flateybook and Hauksbook
(Holland, Norse Discoveries and Explorations in America 982-1362)
Leif Eiriksson
discovers
America,
by Christian
Krohg (1893).
A specialized genetic and surname study
in Liverpool demonstrated marked Norse
heritage: up to 50 percent of males who
belonged to original families, those who
lived there before the years of
industrialization and population expansion.
High percentages of Norse inheritance—
tracked through R1a1 haplotype signatures—were also found among males in the
Wirral and West Lancashire.
This was similar to the percentage of Norse
inheritance found among males in the
Orkney Islands.Recent research suggests
that the Scottish warrior Somerled, who
drove the Vikings out of Scotland and
was the progenitor of Clan Donald, may
himself have been of Viking descent—
a member of Haplogroup R1a1.
Map of Britain (up to Edinburgh)
in the reign of King Æthelstan
(924-39), showing settlements,
bishoprics, and known mints,
with lots of historical notes
in the margins.
Leifr tók land í Eiríksfirði ok fór heim síðan í Brattahlíð. Tóku þar allir menn vel við
honum. Hann boðaði brátt kristni um landit ok almenniliga trú ok sýndi mönnum
orðsending Óláfs konungs Tryggvasonar ok sagði, hversu mörg ágæti ok mikil dýrð
fylgði þessum sið.
Eiríkr tók því máli seint, at láta sið sinn, en Þjóðhildr gekk skjótt undir ok lét gera
kirkju eigi allnær húsunum. Þat hús var kallat Þjóðhildarkirkja. Hafði hon þar fram
bænir sínar ok þeir menn, sem við kristni tóku. Þjóðhildr vildi ekki samræði við
Eirík, síðan hon tók trú, en honum var þat mjök móti skapi.
Han forkyndte snart Christendommen og den catholske Tro i Landet, og foredrog
for Folket Kong Olaf Tryggvesöns Ordsending, og forklarede dem, hvor megen
Herlighed og Glands der var ved denne Tro. Erik var langsom til at tage nogen
Bestemmelse om at forlade sin Tro, men Thjodhild lod sig snart bevæge, og hun
lod bygge en Kirke ikke ganske nær ved Husene; dette Huus blev kaldt
Thjodhilder-Kirke. Der holdt hun og de andre, som antoge Christendommen,
deres Bönner. Thjodhild vilde ikke, fra den Tid hun havde antaget Troen, have
nogen Omgang med Erik; og dette var ham meget imod.
Sagaen om Thorfin Karlsefne og Snorre Thorbrandsön
Erik forkyndte snart Christendommen og den catholske Tro i Landet, og foredrog for Folket Kong
Olaf Tryggvesöns Ordsending, og forklarede dem, hvor megen Herlighed og Glands der var ved
denne Tro. Erik var langsom til at tage nogen Bestemmelse om at forlade sin Tro, men Thjodhild
lod sig snart bevæge, og hun lod bygge en Kirke ikke ganske nær ved Husene; dette Huus blev
kaldt Thjodhilder-Kirke. Der holdt hun og de andre, som antoge Christendommen, deres Bönner.
Thjodhild vilde ikke, fra den Tid hun havde antaget Troen, have nogen Omgang med Erik; og
dette var ham meget imod.
Leifur spread the Christian gospel and Catholic
faith in the country and spread Olaf
Tryggvesøns proclamation, and explained
to them how much splendor and glory
there was with this faith.
Eric Hinrichs is shown here at the
reconstructed birthplace of Leifur
Eriksson at Eirikstadir in Iceland, 2010.
SOURCE: SAMLING AF DE I NORDENS OLDSKRIFTER INDEHOLDTE -EFTERRETNINGER OM DE GAMLE NORDBOERS
OPDAGELSESREISER TIL AMERICA - FRA DET 10DE TIL DET 14DE AARHUNDREDE
SOCIETAS REGIA ANTIQVARIORUM SEPTENTRIONALIUM ; HAFNIÆ; TYPIS OFFICINÆ SCHULTZIANÆ; 1837
In 1070, the German historian
Adam of Bremen traveled to
Denmark to collect information
about northern countries, and the
Danish king Sweyn told him about
Vinlandia and its excellent wine.
Through the Chronicle of Bremen,
many erudite people learned
about the western lands. The
Icelandic chronicles from the XIIXIV centuries mention other
journeys made from Greenland to
Markland and Vinlandia.
How Did The Vikings Discover
America?
20 March 2007
By: Stefan Anitei, Science Editor
Copyright (c) 2001-2013
Softpedia. All rights reserved.
Vinland og Helluland – The Original Residents were the Dorset indians.
Vikingene kalte landet rundt Newfoundland for Vinland. Der fant man på 1960tallet de første tegnene på at vikingene kom til Amerika. Kyststrekningen litt
lenger nord kalte de for Helluland – "landet med de flate klippene". De
opprinnelige beboerne der var omvandrende jegere fra det såkalte Dorset-folket.
1000 A.D. – Eventful Year for the Vikings
Leif Eiriksson is charged by King Olaf Tryggvason to preach Christianity in Greenland
[Graenlendinga Saga]. On his way home, Leif rescues a shipwrecked Crew, and earns the
name "the Lucky" [Graenlendinga Saga]. Leif is blown off course, and lands in Vinland.
Nearing Greenland he rescues people from a shipwreck. Eirik doesn't accept Christianity,
but Thordhild has a church built [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
Thordhild reputedly embraced the new faith and built a church. (Eirik the Red was still alive
when his son returned [Graenlendinga Saga]). The Althing in Iceland adopts Christianity
[Encyclopedia Britannica].
Thorfinn Karlsefni (Old Norse: Þorfinnr
Karlsefni, Icelandic: Þorfinnur Karlsefni),
whose byname signifies "Makings of a
man“, was an Icelandic explorer. Around
the year 1010 AD, he followed Leif
Eriksson's discovered route to Vinland
(Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, or
perhaps further south).
In the Saga of Erik the Red, a native of
Vinland who is described as being onelegged kills one of Erik's brothers Thorfinn.
Erik havde to Sønner med sin Kone
Torhild, den ene hed Torstejn, den anden
Lejf, Eiríkr átti þá konu, er Þjóðhildr hét, ok
við henni tvá sonu. Hét annarr Þorsteinn,
en annarr Leifr.
Statue of Þorfinnur in
Philadelphia
My 23rd Great Grandfather. My
granddaughter´s 25th Great Grandfather
http://icelandicroots.com/2012/07/10/snorri/
Thorvald's Rock
Hampton, New Hampshire
Grænlendiga saga (chapter 4) says that Þorvaldr Eiríksson led an expedition to Vínland. While there,
he and his men battled with Skrælingjar (native Americans). Þorvaldr was wounded by an arrow and
died there. Before he died, he asked to be buried near the headland, which he wanted to be known
as Krossanes.
Where is Krossanes? Some people in Hampton, New Hampshire, believe that the Boar's
Head promontory (left) at the northern end of Hampton Beach is Krossanes, and that the
stone on display at the Tuck Museum is Þorvald's grave marker.
Where is Krossanes?
The poor match between the saga description and the geography of Hampton,
combined with the dubious runic inscriptions make it unlikely that Krossanes was
located in Hampton. A more plausible location is in Newfoundland, or possibly in Nova
Scotia. Kelly Point, on the north side of Cape Breton Island, is a headland between two
fjords.
Biskupamóðir í Páfagarði
The Bishop’s Mother in the Curia
Á enska skiltinu segir: „Guðríður
Þorbjarnardóttir, a pioneering
heroine at the turn of the 11th
Century and one of the most
widely-travelled woman of her
time, with her son Snorri
Þorfinnsson, the first European
child born in America. He lived at
Glaumbær and raised the first
church there. A bronze cast of
the statue by Ásmundur
Sveinsson titled „The first white
mother in America.“ Þar er að
auki allra styrktaraðila getið
(Ingibjörg Þórisdóttir 2008).95
Guðríður á Laugarbrekku á Snæfellsnesi.
Source: Masters Thesis: Ritgerð til MA-prófs í íslenskum fræðum; Sigríður Helga Þorsteinsdóttir
Kt.: 010657-3699 . Leiðbeinandi: Jón Karl Helgason , Janúar 2013
Lejf Erikssøn opdager Amerika
Christian Krohg (1852-1925)
Studies of genetic diversity provide some indication of the origin and expansion of
the Viking population. The Haplogroup I1 (defined by specific genetic markers on
the Y-chromosome) is sometimes referred to as the IViking haplogroup. This
mutation occurs with the greatest frequency among Scandinavian males: 35
percent in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, and peaking at 40 percent within
western Finland. It is also common near the southern Baltic and North Sea coasts,
and then successively decreasing further to the south geographically.
Genetic studies in the British Isles of the Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1, seen also
across Scandinavia, have demonstrated that the Vikings settled in Britain and
Ireland as well as raiding there. Both male and female descent studies show
evidence of Norse descent in areas closest to Scandinavia, such as the Shetland
and Orkney Islands. Inhabitants of lands farther away show most Norse descent in
the male Y-chromosome lines.
Paul Schrag/Xaviant Haze book “The
Supressed History of America” as for the
Welsh influence on at least some part of
American history (Mandan tribe)
http://gizadeathstar.com/2013/08/say-what-the-latestgenetics-y-chromosomal-adam-much-older-thanmitochondrial-eve/)
There is no known evidence which would
objectively support the legend that the
Mandan, a Native American tribe of the
central United States, are Welsh emigrants
who reached North America under Prince
Madog .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people
1170.[67]
Haplogrupp I1 är den haplogrupp som har
störst genetiskt koncentration i området
runt Skandinavien. Mutationerna som är
identifierade som Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)
är M253, M307, P30, och P40.[1]
According to the Icelandic sagas, the Vikings made at least six trips to
North America. The sagas are now supported by DNA analyses.
80 Icelanders have a certain form of DNA only found with indians and east
Asians. They come from the same region of southern Iceland and their
DNA profile is at least 300 years old.
Ifølge islandske sagaer kom vikingene til Nord-Amerika. Nå får sagaene
støtte av DNA-analyser.
Vikingene brakte indianere til Island for tusen år siden. Slik konkluderer spanske og
islandske forskere. De har påvist at 80 islendinger har en bestemt form for DNA
som bare fins hos indianere og østasiater. Men da forskerne undersøkte de 80
islendingenes slektshistorie, oppdaget de at samtlige stammer fra samme region
sør på Island, og DNA-profilen deres er minst 300 år gammel.
Source: http://historienet.no/vikingene/vikingene-fikk-barn-med-indianere
Grænlendinga saga
(Eiríks saga rauða ok
Grænlendinga þáttr)
Ok er várar, þá bjuggust þeir ok
sigldu burt, ok gaf Leifr nafn
landinu eftir landkostum ok
kallaði Vínland.
Leif named the land there
Vinland, because of the
grapes, found by Tyrker,
the German.
Dr. Ingstad to Hungary and a private map collection where he located
a copy of an original Icelandic map.
On it was depicted a long, narrow strip of land marked Windlandia, and that bore a striking
resemblance to the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. In 1960, while exploring
terrain around a tiny community called L’Anse aux Meadows, Ingstad and his daughter met
with a local named George Decker. He led the two Norwegians to a grassy meadow filled
with outlines of what Ingstad was certain were ancient building foundations.
Between 1961 and 1968 the Ingstads and teams of archaeologists from Norway, Canada,
Iceland, Sweden and the US studied the site.
At first experts thought the foundations were that of an early Indian or Eskimo settlement.
But soon many interesting discoveries were made that would corroborate Dr. Ingstad’s
original theory. Out- lines of eight Viking “long houses” were unearthed. They had been
built of turf, a common material for Norse dwellings. Further excavations revealed rusty
nails, a soapstone spindle early Viking women used to twist fleece into yarn, a stone lamp,
and a bronze pin discovered in a cooking pit. Lumps of slag were also unearthed, as well as a
smithy complete with stone anvil and bits of iron. All of these artifacts were more than
enough evidence to prove once and for all that Vikings had indeed settled on the coast of
North America 500 years before Columbus.
L'Anse Aux meadows: Ancient Viking settlement L'Anse Aux Meadows, in
Newfoundland, Canada, is the first North American Viking settlement. Dr. Helge Ingstad
proved Norsemen sailed to America 500 years before Columbus.
Archaeological Proof
This bronze ringed-pin, similar to Viking/Norse pins found throughout the North
Atlantic, is the most persuasive evidence of Vikings at L’Anse aux Meadows.
Equally intriguing is this small wooden carving of what appears to be a medieval
Norseman wearing a robe with a cross on it. Made by an Inuit carver in the 14th
century, it suggests face-to-face contact between natives and Norsemen on
Baffin Island.
The Norse settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows
The settlement is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a National Historic Site
of Canada.
[1] 2001. The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement
in L’Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Checkmark Books.
[2] Ingstad, Anne Stine, The Textiles in the Oseberg Ship. (http://bit.ly/nduN7s)
[3] L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada
Discovery of the Site and Initial Excavations (1960-1968). (http://bit.ly/qFQuNu)
Parks Canada. Accessed September 23, 2011.
[4] McG. Thomas, Robert, Jr.; 1997. Anne-Stine Ingstad, a Sifter Of Viking
Secrets, Dies at 79 (http://nyti.ms/rnzKbM). The New York Times. Accessed
September 23, 2011.
[5] 2012 “Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada” National Geographic The
Daily News. October 19, 2012. http://m.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/newdoc-aims-to-unravel-an-arcticmystery/article5540781/?service=mobile. Retrieved Jan 3, 2013.
The Northern climate was harsh. The L'Anse aux Meadows settlement lasted
only two years? The last Viking settler in Greenland died in 1540. And the whole
Viking culture disappeared in the 12th century when both the Vikings and
Scandinavia were converted to Christianity.
LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FROM THE PAST
Did you ever see a comparison of the Algonquin and Medieval Norse
languages?
There's so many similar words and phrases that it's either an
astounding coincidence or the Vikings established permanent
posts far longer than any surviving texts suggest.
FROZEN TRAIL to MERICA
Hypothesis: During the Little Ice Age
ancestors of the Algonquin-speaking
people walked, en masse, on the ice
from Norse Greenland to Merica .
The history tells how some of the Delaware’s
ancestors migrated west to America
(AKOMEN) across a frozen sea and
intermarried with the Delaware and other
Algonquin Indians.
Myron Paine and Frode Th. Omdahl were
each looking for a rare book, “The Viking and
the Red Man,” written by the late Reider T.
Sherwin. Together they found copies of all
eight volumes with the same name, published
mostly in the 1940s.
The Walam Olum
Pictographs
The verses describe a mass of people
walking to the west to a better land,
across the “slippery water, the stone
hard water.” The migration corresponds
with the “Little Ice Age.”
On the wonderful slippery water,
On the stone hard water, all went
On the great tidal sea,
Over the [puckered pack ice]
The Walam Olum is a 600-year-old American
history composed of pictographs and memory
verses. The history tells of fighting the mound
builders, Iroquois, and of the arrival of white
men. It is Delaware (Lenape) Indian history,
which is written in the Old Norse language.
The history tells how some of the Delaware’s
ancestors migrated west to America across a
frozen sea and intermarried with the Delaware
and other Algonquin Indians. “After 16
generations of memorization, the consistency of
the recorded sounds is remarkable,” Paine said.
“This provides strong evidence that the Walam
Olum is an authentic historical document that
was first created by people who spoke Old
Norse — or a language strongly influenced by
Old Norse.
“The last seven verses in chapter 3 of the
Walam Olum describe the Norse people of
Greenland walking to America on the ice,”
http://www.frozentrail.org/MaalanAruum.html
The Walam Olum Pictographs
The verses describe a mass of people
walking to the west to a better land,
across the “slippery water, the stone
hard water.” The migration corresponds
with the “Little Ice Age.”
On the wonderful slippery water,
On the stone hard water, all went
On the great tidal sea,
Over the [puckered pack ice]
Maalan Aarum
Algonquin
Old Norse
Akhokink
wapaneu
wemoltin
palliaal
kitelendam
aptelendam
Akoores kime sik
wapanneu
wematin
paladoo
kitchi lawelendam
apt lawe len dam
Uugaurvs geyma sik
verpandi
vedr madin
bila thaa
geysi lawe
lyndi(doom)
ap lawe lyndi(doom)
http://www.frozentrail.org/MaalanAruum.html
The Walam Olum Pictographs
http://www.frozentrail.org/MaalanAruum.html
"Head Beaver and Big Bird
said 'Let us go to Akomen'
Those of the north agreed.
Those of the east agreed.
Over the waters, Over the frozen sea
They went to enjoy it
On the wonderful slippery water,
On the stone hard water, all went
On the great tidal sea,
Over the [puckered pack ice]
The Walam Olum Pictographs
http://www.frozentrail.org/MaalanAruum.html
The discouraged people were worried
about worn out land they had to abandon.
The priest said “We decent people should
go somewhere else.”
Maalan Aarum
Algonquin
Old Norse
wemiako
yagawan
tendki
lakkawelenam
nakopowa
wemiowenluen
atam
wemi akoores
yakawa mew
tiindey aki
naka lawélendam
enkooda powwow
wemi owena rena
at a pin
hveim uugarrus
raekja medn
tandri akr
knekkja lav lyndi
hneigjanda paave
hveim hvii-einn hrein
endr aa bua
The Walam Olum Pictographs
http://www.frozentrail.org/MaalanAruum.html
The man, who ruled in that old, northern land that
they all left, was baptized to be pure.
Maalan Aarum
Algonquin
Old Norse
lumow aki
lowan aki
tulpen aki
el ow aki
tulapiwi
linapiwi
wulamo aki
lowan aki
tou a ppu aki
ei-ow aki
tauohpewi
linapiwi
framan akr
raa-andi akr
dau fr by akr
eiga aki
duufa buui
hreina buui
New evidence being gathered by archaeologists may prove that the Vikings
maintained elaborate trade relations with native North Americans for some 350
years. "If the Norse were huddling in Greenland trying to survive, that's one thing,''
says the Smithsonian's Fitzhugh. "But if they were exploring, meeting natives, and
trading, then that's a new chapter in American history that hasn't been explored."
Olafur Egilsson, a former board member of Iceland's historical society who
believes that Columbus reached Iceland, thinks the visit could have been crucial.
"It might have given Columbus confidence to know there were lands on the other
side of the ocean," he says. Perhaps that's why, when the crew of the Santa María
nearly rebelled, afraid the winds would never turn and blow them home again,
Columbus calmed them, then kept sailing west.
Patricia Sutherland, adjunct professor of archaeology at Memorial University in
Newfoundland and a research fellow at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland,
has found evidence of a Viking camp on Baffin Island (Feder 2006, Pringle 2012).
Things such as spun yarn,
whetstones, metals, a
whalebone shovel, and
even the pellets of Old
World rat stowaways from
the ships (Pringle 2012).
Sutherland’s dates are still
being assessed, but the
artifacts can be traced to as
early as the 11th century
(Feder 2006). Av Karen
Gunn, 07.12.2012
Longhouses are good homes for people who
intend to stay in the same place for a long
time. A longhouse is large and takes a lot of
time to build and decorate. The Iroquois were
farming people who lived in permanent
villages. Iroquois men sometimes built
wigwams for themselves when they were
going on hunting trips, but women might live
in the same longhouse their whole life.
Reconstructed Viking houses at Hedeby (Haithabu) in Northern Germany.
Contact between indigenous Americans and the Norse of Greenland as early
as the 11th century is well attested.
In 1009, Norse explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni captured two boys from Markland
(Labrador) and took them to Greenland, where they were taught to speak
Norse and baptized. They may have been the earliest Americans to come to
Europe. It is possible that the Norse took other indigenous peoples to Europe
as slaves over the next centuries, as they are known to have taken Scottish
and Irish slaves
Few sources describing contact between Native Americans and Norse settlers
exist. Contact between the Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit, and Norse
between the 12th or 13th centuries is known. The Norse Greenlanders called
these incoming settlers "skrælingar". Conflict between the Greenlanders and the
"skrælings" is recorded in the Icelandic Annals. The Vinland sagas, recorded
hundreds of years later, describe trade and conflict with Native peoples, who were
also termed skrælings, but may have been an entirely different people.
Archaeological evidence for contact in Greenland is limited, but seems to indicate
that the Norse did not substantially affect indigenous adaptations, technologies, or
cultures. Today, approximately 11% of Greenlanders have Scandinavian DNA.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact
The first Viking child born in North America was Karsefnes’ son, Snorre, and he
was three years old when they left. When they sailed from Vinland…they came
to Markland (Labrador) and met 5 natives, one had a beard, 2 women and 2
children…they took the boys with them and taught them Norsk and baptized
them. They called their mother Vethillde and their father Uvaeg. They said that
2 kings ruled the natives, one of them was called Avalldania, and the other
Valldidida.
Der fødtes den første Høst Karlsefnes Sön Snorre,
og han var tre Aar, da de droge bort. Da de seilede
fra Viinland, fik de Søndenvind, og kom da til Markland,
og traf der 5 Skrælinger, den ene var skægget, de to
Kvinder, og de to Börn; de toge Drengene, men de
andre undkom, og Skrælingerne sank ned i Jorden.
Disse to Drenge førte de med sig; de lærte dem
Sproget, og de bleve døbte. De kaldte deres Moder
Vethillde, og deres Fader Uvæge. De sagde at to
Konger beherskede Skrælingerne, og den ene af dem
hed Avalldania, men den anden Valldidida.
Source: Sagaen om Thorfin Karlsefne og Snorre
Thorbrandsön
How could the Norse have piloted their longships down to central
Minnesota from Hudson Bay?
Ans: Mississippi River to Arkansas River to Poteau River. Interestingly, all
runestones were found within sight of a waterway that extends to the ocean.
The viking ships were flat-bottom and easily capable of traversing shallow
waterways.
The Viking ship museum in Roskilde (Vikingeskibsmuseet Roskilde) is located
at the southern tip of the Roskilde Fjord, close to Copenhagen. In the large
museum hall five Viking ships found 1962 at Skuldelev are displayed. The ships
could be dated to have been built in 1030 - 1042 in Ireland, Norway and
Denmark.
Visiting the Exhibit at the National Museum of Natural History
10th Street and Constitution Ave. NW Washington DC 20560
Over 300 objects from 29 lenders have been assembled to exemplify Viking
weapons, religion, economy, daily life, seamanship, law, and art. Organized to
retrace the Viking expansion, vivid murals, a high-definition introductory movie, a
recreated long-house saga theater, scale models, and several dramatic
reconstructions guide the visitor through this western voyage.
Archaeological Proof
This bronze ringed-pin, similar to Viking/Norse pins found throughout the North
Atlantic, is the most persuasive evidence of Vikings at L’Anse aux Meadows.
Equally intriguing is this small wooden carving of what appears to be a medieval
Norseman wearing a robe with a cross on it. Made by an Inuit carver in the 14th
century, it suggests face-to-face contact between natives and Norsemen on
Baffin Island.
DNA evidence shows that a sample of Icelanders carry a Native American
variation from 4 specific lineages, descended from 4 women born early in the 18th
century. These 4 lineages are likely descended from a single woman with Native
American DNA, and at least one lineage’s variation has mutated in a way that
would likely have taken centuries to occur.
No living Native American has the exact genetic variation found in the Icelanders,
but of the many versions related to the Icelandic variant, 95% found in Native
Americans. This suggests that the precise Icelandic variation may have come
from a Native American group that died out after the arrival of Columbus and later
European settlers.
After Karlsefni's death Gudrid and her son Snorri, who had been born in Vinland, took
over the farm. When Snorri married, Gudrid went abroad on a pilgrimage to Rome;
when she returned to her son's farm he had built a church at Glaumby. After that
Gudrid became a nun and stayed there as an anchoress for the rest of her life.
Snorri had a son called Thorgeir, who was the father of Yngvild, the mother of
Bishop Brand. Snorri also had a daughter called Hallfrid, who was the wife of Runolf,
the father of Bishop Thorlak. Karlsefni and Gudrid had another son, who was called
Bjorn; he was the father of Thorunn, the mother of Bishop Bjorn. In 1112 A. D. Erik
Gnupson was appointed by Pope Paschal II “bishop of Greenland and Vinland
(Holland, Norse Discoveries and Explorations in America 982-1362)
http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/eras/2worldsmeet/vikings/karlsefni.htm
A statue of Gudrid Thorbjornardottir
with her son Snorri at Glaumbaer in
the North of Iceland. Gudrid settled
down in Glaumbaer after travelling to
Vinland with husband Thorfinn
Karlsefni.
Photo by Andreas Rutkauskas.
http://vikingexplorer.wordpress.com/category/social-context/
Þorfinnur karlsefni og Guðríður setjast að í Glaumbæ í Skagafirði.
Eftir lát Þorfinns gengur Guðríður suður til Rómar. After the death of Thorfinn,
Gudrid became a nun and settled for the rest of her life.
Guðríður gerðist nunna og einsetukona síðustu æviárin.
Af Guðríði og sonum hennar, Snorra og Birni Karlsefnissonum, eru komnir margir
merkir menn, þ.á.m. 3 biskupar. From Gudrid and her sons, Snorra & Bjørn
Karsefnisson, came many distinguished men, including three bishops.
Book is available at http://www.forlagid.is/?p=582530
Cost 2290 Is. Krona = $ 19.06 (18 Oct 2013)
Guðriður Þórbjarnasdóttir was
without doubt one of the most widelytravelled women of her time. she
crossed Europe twice on foot [on
pilgrimages to Rrome] and made
eight ocean journeys [to America and
the European continent]. she took
part in the exploration and settlement
of new lands, lived through Iceland's
change from heathenism to
Christianity. Snorri Þórfinnsson
is considered one of] the two main
figures responsible for the early
christianisation of Iceland. according
to Grœnlendinga saga. Snorri built
the first church of Glaumbaer, which
would later increase Christian
influence in the area. His
descendants became the first
bishops of Iceland, and published the
first Christian code of Iceland.
Snorri died years later and became
the first “American" to die in Europe!
Snorri Orfinnsson has 17 Family Trees on Ancestory.com
Born in Vinlandi on 1004 to Orfinner Karlsefni Órðarson and Guðríður Orbjarnardóttir.
Snorri married Yngvildur Ulfhéðinsdóttir and had a child.
http://records.ancestry.com/Snorri_Orfinnsson_records.ashx?pid=133874161&te=2
De fleste bogstaver betegner samme lyd som på de nynordiske sprog.
w er = engelsk og jysk w : wee, was.
er = islandsk , engelsk th i thing.
= islandsk dansk d i udlyd og indlyd (i Gud, sted), eng. th i this, that.
b = en nu næsten forsvunden lyd, omtrent som i Københavnsk udtale af
g = dansk g i udlyd og indlyd (dag, tage).
R en egen r- lyd, opstået af ældre s, senere blev den helt r.
.
Omskrevet bogstav for bogstav lyder den på urnordisk:
På dansk:
Jeg lægæst Holling (d. e. Holts søn) Horn gjorde ( eller smykkede).
English: I decorated Holt son’s horn?
løbe, skab.
Thorvald's Rock
Hampton, New Hampshire
Grænlendiga saga (chapter 4) says that Þorvaldr Eiríksson led an expedition to Vínland.
While there, he and his men battled with Skrælingjar (native Americans). Þorvaldr was
wounded by an arrow and died there. Before he died, he asked to be buried near the
headland, which he wanted to be known as Krossanes.
Where is Krossanes? Some people in Hampton, New Hampshire, believe that the Boar's
Head promontory (left) at the northern end of Hampton Beach is Krossanes, and that the
stone on display at the Tuck Museum is Þorvald's grave marker.
Norumbega, a Norse Colony in New England?
by Ron Black
Is there evidence linking Rhode Island to Vínland or another Norse colony? Paul H
Chapman, author of the article "Norumbega: A Norse Colony In Rhode Island“ , believes
that the Norse settled in Rhode Island, and that after voyages to Vínland ended, they
became the Narragansett Indians, emulating the styles and ways of other native
Americans. However, the evidence is more speculation and hearsay than hard fact.
What were Narragansett homes like in the past?
The Narragansetts didn't live in tepees. They lived in small round houses called wigwams.
Some Narragansett Indians preferred Iroquoian-style longhouses to wigwams, because
more family members could live in a longhouse. Here are some pictures of wigwams,
longhouses, and other Native American homes. Today, Native Americans only build a
wigwam for fun or to connect with their heritage, not for shelter. Most Narragansett
people live in modern houses and apartment buildings, just like you.
Algonquin (or Algonkin or Anicinàbemowin) is either a distinct Algonquian language
closely related to the Anishinaabe language or a particularly divergent Anishinaabe
dialect. It is spoken, alongside French and to some extent English, by the Algonquin
First Nations of Quebec and Ontario. As of 1998, there were 2,275 Algonquin speakers,
less than 10% of whom were monolingual. Algonquin is the language for which the
entire Algonquian language subgroup is named. The similarity among the names often
causes considerable confusion. Like many Native American languages, it is strongly verb
based, with most meaning being incorporated into verbs instead of using separate
words for prepositions, tense, etc.
Walam Olum, a history of the Leni Lenape
In 1836 a white man, Rafinesque, published The American Nations, a book about
American people before Columbus. The book contained the Walam Olum, which is a
history of the Leni Lenape told by pictograms and accompanying verses. The Walam
Olum, chapter 3, shows people walking across ice to a new land. Is the Walam Olum a
hoax?
A hypothesis that appears to answer these questions is: During the Little Ice Age
ancestors of the Algonquin-speaking people walked, en masse, on the ice from Norse
Greenland to Merica.
Algonquin Ancestors walked to America. from Greenland
The Norse in Greenland "vanished" between the years of 1340 and 1410. Where did
they go?
Eleven American tribes, the Leni Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Nanticoke, Conoy,
Mahican, Cree, Ojibwa, Abenakis, Wapanaog, Cheyenne, and Micmac all have
traditions of their ancestors coming to Northeast America by crossing over a salty sea
in the East. Where did they come from?
The hypothesis has strong positive evidence in five areas: Linguistic, Biological,
Historical, Artifacts, and Cultural:
LINGUISTICS: Reider T. Sherwin wrote eight volumes of the Viking and the Red Man. In
those volumes he made over 15,000 comparisons showing that the Algonquin
Language is Old Norse.
Familiar with Leif Ericson's attempted settlement of Vinland (later known as America)
around 1000 A.D., Sherwin began to study the Old Norse language more intensely to
see if it was more than coincidence that certain places bore descriptive names which
were called Indian names but which mirrored the sound and meaning of Old Norse
names for the same types of places.
Names found to be Norse
Published: Thursday, January 1, 2004
Quite by chance, many years ago, Reider T. Sherwin heard a certain New England
place name before he saw it in print. The speaker said it the name was of American
Indian origin, but Sherwin, a native of Norway before moving to the United States,
disputed that because he recognized the word as one he had long known.
Sherwin was familiar with dialectal Norwegian, which is much closer to the Old
Norse language than literary Norwegian. And the meaning of the word Sherwin
knew was identical to the meaning of the place name the speaker was identifying as
Indian.
His curiosity piqued, Sherwin began to look upon New England maps for other place
names of Indian origin. He closed his eyes to the spelling and considered only the
pronunciation. Several of these he could readily identify as Norwegian or as strings of
Old Norse root words put together.
Familiar with Leif Ericson's attempted settlement of Vinland (later known as America)
around 1000 A.D., Sherwin began to study the Old Norse language more intensely to
see if it was more than coincidence that certain places bore descriptive names which
were called Indian names but which mirrored the sound and meaning of Old Norse
names for the same types of places.
.
2,000 Similar Algonquin & Old Norse Words!
LINGUISTICS: He also studied the language of the Algonquin tribes in dictionaries
compiled by early French, English, Swedish and German missionaries who worked
among various tribes of these Indians as European colonists began to arrive in great
numbers in the early 17th century. Those tribes included the Cree, Chippewa
(Ojibway), Ottawa, Algonquin, Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, Abnaki, Micmac,
Mohican, Shawnee, Illinois, Blackfoot, Pequot, and others who speak dialects of the
Algonquin language.
He even delved into Longfellow's epic poem, "Hiawatha," from which Longfellow
borrowed "Indian" names and their meanings.
The results are amazing and were published in Sherwin's book, "The Viking and the Red
Man: The Old Norse Origin of the Algonquin Language" in 1940 (Funk & Wagnalls Co.,
publishers).
Sherwin easily found 2,000 Algonquin words or phrases that sound alike or
almost alike and mean the same things in both Algonquin and Old Norse or
dialectical Norwegian. He includes about 1,000 of them in the book.
BIG BAY, Mich. — Two experts on ancient America may have solved not only the
mysterious disappearance of Norse from the Western Settlement of Greenland in the
1300s, but also are deciphering Delaware (Lenape) Indian history, which they’re
finding is written in the Old Norse language.
The history tells how some of the Delaware’s ancestors migrated west to America
across a frozen sea and intermarried with the Delaware and other Algonquin Indians.
Myron Paine, 72, and Frode Th. Omdahl, 51, met on the Internet six years ago when
they were each looking for a rare book, “The Viking and the Red Man,” written by the
late Reider T. Sherwin. Together they found copies of all eight volumes with the same
name, published mostly in the 1940s.
Using Sherwin as a reference, they found that much of the Algonquin language
consists of Old Norse, including Old Norse root words often strung together to make
new words that were adopted by Algonquin speakers.
Paine and Omdahl were featured speakers on “Norse Tracks in America” at the first
Ancient American Artifact Preservation Foundation annual conference in Big Bay, Mich.
in 2005. Paine spoke again at the ’06 conference. Published on Thursday March 15,
2007
BIOLOGICAL: Modern DNA studies show that the European
Haplogroup X made the deepest penetration via the Great Lakes.
HISTORICAL: Written documents in Europe and the inscribed
Walam Olum in America describe the migration. The Walam Olum
can be interrupted using Old Norse dictionaries.
Reference: The Viking and the red man; the Old Norse origin of the Algonquin language.
by Reider Thorbjorn Sherwin
Book; English Publisher: New York, London, Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1940- Editions: 3
Editions OCLC: 331130
Native American DNA
One company promises to help individuals establish their "identity as a Native American"
by testing for Native American DNA. But what is "Native American DNA" and is it relevant
to tribal enrollment?" A paper by the Nevada-based Indigenous Peoples Council on
Biocolonialism (IPCB) explains why DNA is not a valid test of Native American identity:
Scientists have found … "markers" in human genes that they call Native American markers
because they believe all "original" Native Americans had these genetic traits … On the
mitochondrial DNA, there are a total of five different "haplotypes" … which are
increasingly called "Native American markers," and are believed to be a genetic
signature of the founding ancestors. As for the Y-chromosome, there are two primary
lineages or "haplogroups" that are seen in modern Native American groups
IPCB points out that "Native American markers" are not found solely among Native
Americans. While they occur more frequently among Native Americans they are also
found in people in other parts of the world.
A second problem with tying markers to Native American identity is that mitochondrial
DNA and Y marker testing show only one line of ancestry each. Therefore, Native
American ancestors on other lines are invisible.
Eighty Icelanders today have North American Indian DNA
In analyzing a type of DNA which can only be inherited from mother to child,
Norwegian researchers have found more than 80 Icelanders today with DNA
found almost exclusively with North American indians.
Ved å analysere en type DNA som bare nedarves fra mor til barn, har forskere
funnet over 80 nålevende islendinger med en genetisk variasjon maken til den
som i størst grad finnes hos nordamerikanske indianere.
Av Traci Watson, National Geographic News, Norway, 29.11.2010
Source: http://natgeo.no/folk-og-kultur/islendinger-har-indiansk-blod-i-arene
Native American DNA
Undersøkelsens opphavsmenn innrømmer
imidlertid at saken langt fra er avsluttet.
Men genetiker Ripan Malhi ved University
of Illinois i USA, som er ekspert i etniske
DNA-forskjeller, og som ikke har medvirket
i prosjektet, er enig i at rapporten
inneholder "sterke genetiske tegn på
førkolumbisk kontakt mellom folk på Island
og nordamerikanske indianerne".
Geneticist Ripan Malhi at the University of
Illinois, who is an expert in ethnic DNAvariations, and who was not part of the
project, agrees that the report contains
”strong genetic signs of pre-Columbian
contacts between people on Iceland and
Amerindians.
Longhouses are Native American homes used by the Iroquois tribes
and some of their Algonquian neighbors.
They are built similarly to wigwams, with pole frames and elm bark covering. The main
difference is that longhouses are much, much larger than wigwams. Longhouses could be
150 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 20 feet high. Inside the longhouse, raised platforms
created a second story, which was used for sleeping space. Mats and wood screens
divided the longhouse into separate rooms. Each longhouse housed an entire clan-- as
many as 60 people!
CULTURAL: Several Algonquins myths have Scandinavian parallels. The name of the main
Algonquin hero “Kluskap” lives on in the Scandinavian
Viking stones in Oklahoma.
The Heavener Runestone is massive, I'd guess a few feet thick, 12' tall
and 11' wide. The rune are a foot or so in size each and written in the old
Futhark language is, "Glomes Valley". The other runestones found
throughout the area are smaller...but impressive still. The Heavener
Runestone was called the "Indian Stone" since being referenced by the
indians since the 1830's. Later the writing was discovered to be Viking
and the name changedThese stones aren't a single Kensington stone
found up in the north part of the United States. They've been found
around nearly the past two centuries near Heavener Oklahoma. First is
the Heavener Runestone; 9 large runes about a foot in size each
pecked, not carved into a massive rock that stands up on end and faces
due north. It was first referenced by the indians in the 1830's. Nobody
questioned the legitimacy of the "Indian Stone" until a linguist
determined it to be the old Futhark writing.
Viking stones in Oklahoma.
Then there's Heavener Runestone Number 2 and Heavener Runestone
Number 3. Nearby were found the Shawnee Runestone and the Poteau
Runestone. Strangely, every stone was found in a direct line from
southeast to northwest, if that means anything at all. During my trip, I
ran into a man who went to high school with a half indian that found the
Poteau Runestone in the 1960's. He says the indian would never have
faked this sort of thing and it was legit. One or two stones such as the
Kennsington, and I'd also question the legitimacy. A half-dozen stones
found over two centuries and I'm more convinced. The problem is that
stone isn't a living material and so can't be subject to carbon-14 dating.
So Lord knows if their all legit and we'll never know for certain without
digs. I will say this, an acheological dig for ancient European roots in
America won't be happening in this politically-correct society!
Norumbega, a Norse Colony in New England?
by Ron Black
Chapman's cultural evidence includes the stature and skin color of the Narragansett
Indians. Verrazano, who explored the area in 1524, describes the natives as "excelling us
in size" and "…are of bronze color, some inclined more to whiteness…the face sharply
cut". Notably, the Norse of the time (and today) are described as having sharply cut
faces.
To some, this could be seen as grasping at straws, but Roger Williams, founder of the
Rhode Island colony, lived among the Narragansetts and reported roughly the same.
Williams also recorded that the natives children were often born with white skin and red
hair. He went on the say that their skin darkened from a life out doors and that their hair
was dyed a darker color as they got older.
Existing historic and cartographic records also provide evidence of Norse settlement
in this area. Two early cartographers of North America, Verrazano (1524) and
Mercator (1569), place the Viking Tower of Newport, RI on their maps. While
Verrazano called this location a "Norman Villa", Meractor showed the name
"Norombega" as the name of this location. Mercator and other cartographers used
this name for both the region and location of a local community on Narragansett Bay.
The name Norombega has been broken down this way, according to Chapman: Nor
meaning for Norman; um for all over; and beg for Bygd meaning an inhabited land
in Old Norse. The a, at the end of the word would also be a typical suffix for Old
Norse words. Other place names hailing the Nor- prefix can be found in the
surrounding area. While some come from England, others are old Indian names for
these areas.
Chapman's other evidence is the advanced agricultural activities of the
Narragansetts. The other area tribes practiced nomadic hunting, while the
Narragansetts lived and farmed in permanent communities, using hunting as a
supplement for gathered food. The farming practices of the Narragansetts cannot
be attributed to colonial era guidance since the colonists learned their farming
practices from the natives.
Chapman has interpreted the name Narragansett to mean Northman settlers.
He breaks the name down in this way; Nar short for NORman, stating that the
Old Norse often used A for O during the development of the language, gan
being the Old Norse for gang meaning walk, and sett to settle.
References:
[1] Chapman, "Norumbega: A Norse Colony In Rhode Island", The Ancient
American 1994.
Chapman has interpreted the name
Narragansett to mean Northman settlers. He
breaks the name down in this way; Nar short
for NORman, stating that the Old Norse often
used A for O during the development of the
language, gan being the Old Norse for gang
meaning walk, and sett to settle.
Portrait of Sha-kó-ka, a Mandan girl,
by George Catlin, 1832
Total population
fewer than the 6,000 (1990s) enrolled
in the Three Affiliated Tribes[1]
Languages
Mandan, Hidatsa, English
Religion
Mandan
Related ethnic groups
Hidatsa, Arikara
18th-century reports about characteristics of Mandan lodges, religion and
occasional physical features among tribal members, such as blue and grey eyes
along with lighter hair coloring, stirred speculation about the possibility of preColumbian European contact. Catlin believed the Mandan were the "Welsh
Indians" of folklore, descendants of Prince Madoc and his followers who emigrated
to America from Wales in about 1170.
Hjalmar Holand had proposed that interbreeding with Norse survivors might explain
the "blond" Indians among the Mandan on the Upper Missouri River.
"The interior of the hut of a Mandan Chief": aquatint by Karl Bodmer from
the book "Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North
America, during the years 1832–1834"
The Blond Mandan: A Critical Review of
an Old Problem
Marshall T. Newman
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
Vol. 6, No. 3 (Autumn, 1950), pp. 255-272
Published by: University of New Mexico
Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3628461
The Mandan came originally from the Ohio River
Valley. One theory is the Mandan moved from the
area of southern Minnesota and northern Iowa to
the plains in South Dakota about 900 A.D., and
slowly migrated north along the Missouri River to
North Dakota about 1000 A.D. After European
contact, the Mandan, Hidatsa and Sahnish were
subjected to several devastating smallpox
epidemics that nearly destroyed them.
Crow's Heart, a Mandan, wearing
a traditional deerhide tunic
http://www.mhanation.com/main2/history.html
photo by Edward Curtis, ca. 1908
The Blond Mandan: A Critical Review of an Old Problem
“Some of the 18th and 19th century explorers and traders visiting the Mandan
Indians on the upper Missouri River were struck by physical and cultural
features that seemed out of place to them in the northern Plains. Their
reports of blondism and other non-Indian physical traits, an unusual
language and mythology, fortified villages and a developed horticulture
provided the evidence for two theories of Mandan origin through preColumbian contact with Europeans. One of these theories, widely held in
the latter part of the 18 century, and revived in 1841 by the artist George
Catlin, was that the Mandan were descendents of a legendary 12th century
expedition of Welsh led by Madoc. The other theory claimed the Mandan to
be mixed descendants of Scandinavian explorers.”
DNA evidence in this case might prove interesting, but it would be
necessary to be able to identify lines of descent that went back to
the survivors of the smallpox epidemic of 1837 and 1838. After that,
they were intermarried with the Arikara and Hidatsa. The last fullblooded Mandan was Mattie Grinnell who died in 1971.
The Blond Mandan: White Indians?
On December 3 1738 the first
known European contact with the
Mandan occurred de Varennes and
his sons made contact with
Mandans in what is now MacLean
Co., North Dakota, lying between
Minot and Bismarck.
"White men with forts, towns and
permanent villages laid out in
streets and squares." - de
Varennes 1738
Archaeologist Patricia Sutherland (in
orange jacket) and her colleagues work in
Baffin Island’s Tanfield Valley, which
offered turf for sod shelters and a harbor
for ships(National Geographic, Oct 2013).
The first settlement was a large and
well-fortified town, with palisades
and ramparts similar to European
battlements and with a dry moat
around the perimeter. There were
around 130 houses laid out in
streets. After inspection of the fort
Varennes declared, 'Their
fortifications are not Indian.'
The Blond Mandan: White Indians?
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/civilizationsunder-siege/viking-settlement-and-the-mandans.php
Viking expeditions made their way
along the eastern coast of North
America and also explored the
northern waterways of Canada,
reaching the western shore of
Hudson Bay and continuing inland
and southward to Lake Winnipeg.
Some of these Vikings were
apparently captured and adopted
into the Mandan tribe. European
explorers of the seventeenth
century described the Mandans as
a race unique in the Americas, the
people said to have mixed hair
colorings and many being fair
skinned and blue eyed. The culture
and history of the Mandans was
later introduced to EuropeanAmericans in great detail by the
Pennsylvania-born artist George
Catlin, who devoted his life to
acquiring an understanding of the
indigenous peoples of the
Americas.
The Blond Mandan: White Indians?
La Verendyre was astonished by
the physical aspect of many
Mandans who had light skin, fair
hair, and "European" features and
took the view they were a mix of
white and indigenous peoples:
"This nation is mixed white and
black. The women are fairly goodlooking, especially the whites,
many with blonde and fair hair.
Both men and women of this nation
are very laborious." He added, "The
men are stout and tall, generally
very active, fairly good-looking, with
a good physiognomy. The women
have not the Indian physiognomy."
In their manner, customs and
appearance "they were not Indians
at all"
George Catlin
Máh-to-tóh-pa, Four Bears, Second Chief in Mourning,
1832, Mandan/Numakiki
Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Blond Mandan: White Indians?
George Catlin
Sham Fight, Mandan Boys, 1832–33
Mandan/Numakiki
Smithsonian American Art Museum
George Catlin
Sha-kó-ka, Mint, a Pretty Girl, 1832
Mandan/Numakiki
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Roger Williams, in his book, Key to the Indian Language,
1644, had no trouble believing the Algonquins were
speaking Norse, he wrote:
"There are two kinds of Old Norse. One is called "Gamle-Norsk" (Old Norse);
the still older language is called "Ur-Norsk" (Primitive Norse). By marking
the various words used by several tribes it should be possible to determine
when each Norse settlement was made in America.
I am in hopes it may be possible to do this at some future date, as it would
give an idea how long the Norsemen did travel to these shores. It appears
from my translations that such migrations continued into the fourteenth
century or to the time of the Black Death." (Sherwin, 1940, p. 338)
Sherwin had no problem believing Algonquin words had Norse roots. He grew
up speaking a dialect similar to Old Norse in remote Norway. After migrating
to northeast North America, he was surprised to recognize that many Indian
place names, when spoken out loud, described the land he was seeing.
Sherwin compared over 15,000 phrases with Old Norse roots
to Algonquin words. (Sherwin, 1940)
For example, Sherwin recognized Algonquin "Agawam" as "marsh."
There were six "Agawam" place names in Massachusetts. Early Europeans
defined three of them as "ground overflowed by water," two of them were
defined as "marsh," and one had no definition.
(Douglas-Lithgow, 1909)
2,000 Similar Algonquin and Old Norse Words
Stromsted also could speak a dialect similar to Old Norse, because
her parents sent her to a remote island for safety during World War II.
She added to the list of northeast North American place names that
had Norse roots. For example, she thought "Massachusetts" meant
"The land of many hills." (Stromsted, 1974)
The Algonquin language must have been close to Old Norse because
some Algonquin words can still be translated using a modern
Norwegian dictionary. "Quebec" and "tomahak“ are two examples.
(Gabrielsen, 1999)
Sherwin easily found 2,000 Algonquin words or phrases that
sound alike or almost alike and mean the same things in both
Algonquin and Old Norse or dialectical Norwegian.
He included about 1,000 of them in Volume I.
The Frozen Trail is a web site that presents evidence to support the Frozen Trail
to America books. Those books are based on the Maalan Aarum (Engraved
years, aka the Walam Olum), which is the oldest recorded history about the
4000 Norwegians who migrated from Greenland across the frozen Davis Strait
to reach America. Their descendents became the Leni Lenape, the Shawnee,
the Mahigass, the Nannicoke, and the Conoy Americans.
Whetstones discovered on Baffin
Island and at other sites in the
Canadian Arctic bear clear
evidence of Viking technology.
Wear grooves harbor traces of
bronze, brass, and smelted iron—
materials made by Viking
metalsmiths but unknown among
the Arctic's native inhabitants.
National Geographic Magazine,
October 2013
Early explorers found Mandan Indians who had blue eyes and yellow hair,
which may have been from either descendants of Irish Prince Madoc, who
led several shiploads of settlers to North America in the 12th century, or the
Norse — but probably both.
The “Indian” game of lacrosse is almost identical to the Old Norse game
knattilikr. Bone with Scandinavian rune (letters of an alphabet) have been
dug up from Indian sites.
Sherwin’s amazing dictionary of work pointing out the similarities of “Indian”
and Norse words is a smoking gun that provides proof that Vikings were
here in a much wider distribution than thought, and that they melded into the
native population.
About 30 years ago, a runic inscription was found on a stone in Lawrence
County, Ark. Others have been found in several states, including Oklahoma.
MINNEHAHA (Laughing Water, the wife of Hiawatha in the poem, also a waterfall on a
steam running into the Mississippi River between Fort Snalling and the Falls of St.
Anthony) - minni (gap, opening, chasm, river mouth, outlet), haa (high, loud, noisy),
haadh (mockery, derision, scoff, jeering, laughter); put altogether, the compound word is
minni haa-haadh (loud laughing chasm; noisy mocking river outlet)
SKYY (the visible sky) - skyy (the visible sky)
ARACA (a place on Long Island bounded on the east by a river) - aar aka (field of land
along the river)
ARESIKET (a river bay in Maine) - are-siket (the shallow river)
AARASQUAGU (a brook forming part of the western boundary of South Oyster Bay, Long
Island) - aara skaug (woods along the stream)
CANORRASSET ( a part of Long Island) - kanna roest (a recognized tract of land)
CHEBOOKT (the former Indian name, meaning great bay or harbor, for what is now
known as Halifax) - sjoe-bugt (bay by the sea); the j is pronunced as the y in our word
yell
LACKAWANNA (name of a place on Lake Erie) - laaga vanna (low or shallow water), the v
is pronounced as w in Old Norse
OOT AL'EGEM (estate, to own, inheritance) - oodhal-eigin (homestead property, one's
property, ancestral property)
MOCCASIN (shoe) - maka sin (things that belong together, for example, pairs of shoes,
pairs of mittens, man and wife, etc.)
'NPOSSUM (pouch) - posi or posa (small bag), mi posan (my bag); Sherwin writes, :We
have borrowed this word from the Indians in the name of the opossum. The meaning,
pouch, of course, refers to the marsupial pouch in which the mother opposum ... carries
her young.“
There are more, many more - including Old Norse root words which make up a word
pronounced "mississippi" and which means "long, long drink of water" or "big river" but you get the idea.
My own studies of Norse exploration of what is now known as North America leads me
to believe that Norsemen were all over this place, or the majority of it, at one time or
another.
Early explorers found Mandan Indians who had blue eyes and yellow hair. The Indian
game of lacrosse is almost identical to the Old Norse game knattilikr. Bone with
Scandinavian rune (letters of an alphabet) have been dug up from Indian sites.
SASKATCHEWAN (name of a province in western Canada and also of a river) - saxad sjoe
vann (choppy watercourse) - note that in Old Norse, v is sounded as in the German u or
w.
SUNWICK (a creek at Astoria, Long island) - sunds vik (a small bay in the sound); Sherwin
writes, "It is quite easy for me to determine which names were given to places by the
Indians and which were given by the Norsemen. There is no doubt at all in my mind that
this name was given to this place by a Norseman. There are any number of Sunwicks in
Norway.“ Recall Norwich (northern bay in England). Viking derived from vik, inhabitants
of the bay.
MILWAUKEE (Milwaukee, in Wisconsin, the Indian name meant good, beautiful land) milde aake (the pleasant land)
GITCHE GUMEE (this is from Longfellow's poem and means "big sea water, or what is
now known as Lake Superior) - geis sjoe-kumme (great sea reservoir)
About 1000 the Vikings (Old Norse) returned to America, becoming the south
coast Algonquins in Virginia and North Carolina and also the northeast Algonquins:
MicMac Massachusetts, Abenaki, Maine, Wapanaog, and others.
In 1340 and following, the Leni Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Mahigans,
Conoy, and Nanticokes migrated from Norse Greenland. They entered America
via Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes and Michigan. Then they moved eastward to
the Atlantic shores. These last movements are recorded in oral and pictorial history.
The above hypothesis explains how "the Eastern Great Lakes languages appear to
have gotten further east and circled back." The Lenape, Shawnee, and others
actually came from the north and went to the east. The same migrations explains
how "the Eastern languages appear to have split into two groups, one of which
came down the coast" (the early Old Norse), "while the other cut straight east
and through the middle of the first to occupy the lower Hudson Valley, the Delaware
Valley, and New Jersey" (The later Old Norse, the Lenape, Shawnee and others.)
The Frozen Trail timing is based on artifacts, biological, cultural, historical, linguistic
evidence.
Columbus might have been a Viking disciple
BY BRUCE B. AUSTER
Pirates attacked Columbus's ship west of Gibraltar, as he headed north to England.
The young Italian crewman, his vessel ablaze, gripped an oar to keep from drowning
and swam to shore. He caught the next ship to the end of the Earth.
Fifteen years before his mission to the New World, the story goes, Columbus
reached Iceland, the land known in legend as Ultima Thule, the farthest possible
place in the world, where "land, water, and air are all mixed together." The
mysterious island boasted volcanoes, lava-black beaches, and snowy white
landscapes. It may also have been the birthplace of Columbus's bold leap to
America. Historians continue to search for new documentation to prove that
Columbus reached Iceland and, if he did, whether his stay there, at age 25, stirred
the adventurer to imagine that a passage to China lay to the west, across the
Atlantic.
Some 500 years earlier, the Vikings had set sail from Iceland and ultimately reached
the New World. Could Columbus have heard the stories of Leif Ericson's voyage to
the place called Vinland? If the story is true, "Columbus would have learned from
Icelandic sailors that there was land to the west," says William Fitzhugh, a curator of
the Smithsonian Institution's exhibit "Vikings," which opened in April in Washington
and will travel for two years throughout North America.
Source: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/columbus.htm
A Pope and a Roman noble, parents of Christopher Columbus?
The Historians say that Columbus would be the extramarital son of Anna
Colonna and Pope Innocent VIII.
A Roman noblewoman and a man who later became Pope anointed have been the
parents of Christopher Columbus. This is the conclusion he arrived two Italian historians
who dispute the theory that the sailor was the son of Genovese merchants. The curious
thesis belongs to Lionero Boccianti and Renato Biagioli and was presented last week at a
conference held in Genova on Columbus.
This study showed that Columbus would be the result of an extramarital affair that
happened in Naples 1446 between Giovanbattista Cibo, who later became Pope
Innocent VIII., who was then 14 years old, and Anna Colonna, wife of the Prince of
Taranto Antonio Del Balzo Orsini,
The new version of the origin of the navigator was published yesterday in the Italian
regional newspaper La Provincia Pavese. Just at the local university of Pavia is part of the
ashes kept alleged to have belonged to Columbus. With the new, academic leaders will
conduct a DNA analysis of the remains, which come from the tomb in Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic.
Another colleague from the Italian, the Frenchman Jacques Heers, said Columbus
was a pirate in his youth and that "piracy practice at the time was commonplace and
regarded almost as a school to learn navigation."
http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showthread.php?t=121573
Conclusions
1. Columbus had a lot of information from the Vatican about the New World.
2. The Vikings penetrated deep into North American and intermarried with Indians.
3. Christianity changed the character of Vikings and Indians to peaceful peoples.
4. More DNA and linguistic research will corroborate all these findings.
5. Patricia Sutherland should not have been fired for “politically incorrect” research.
6. Deine Zauber binden wieder; Was die Mode streng geteilt;
Alle Menschen werden Brüder, Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.
Your miracles will bind again; Whatever tradition had strictly separated,
All men will become brothers; Wherever Your tender wing remains.
Friedrich Schiller, 1785 - Statue of Schiller in St. Louis, Missouri
Verschlüsselungswort – washington75