Transcript Slide 1

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Data dissemination and further analysis workshop
Child Protection
MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop
Child Protection Issues in MICS
• Birth Registration
– Madagascar, Moldova, Sindh (Pakistan)
• Child Labour
– Belarus, Madagascar, Sindh (Pakistan)
• Child Discipline
• Early Marriage
• Attitudes towards Domestic Violence
– Above three Belarus, Madagascar, Moldova, Sindh (Pakistan)
Birth Registration - MICS Indicator
• # 8.1
Numerator:
• Number of children under age 5 whose births are
reported registered
Denominator:
• Total number of children under age 5
Expected patterns in data
• Unregistered children are almost always from poor, marginalized or
displaced families, they live in rural areas and are from mothers
with no/low education
• Significant differences in birth registration levels may exist between
regions within the same country
• Very small differences in birth registration levels between boys and
girls
• Levels tend to increase with child’s age
Things to consider
• Careful analysis of the questionnaire and sample size is needed before we
can conclude that there have been changes in the level of birth
registration when comparing with previous surveys
• Questions may have been different in past surveys
• Important to make sure the questionnaire was properly customized
Concepts that might change from one country to another:
– “Birth Certificate”
– “Registration”
– “Civil Authority”
• Essential to identify the right authority at the state level in charge of the
official recording of births
Things to look for in the tables
• Proportion of children with a birth certificate (especially if
“seen”) as compared to the proportion of children who are
registered
– If a parent does not have a certificate this may represent
another obstacle in a child’s life for example enrollment in
school.
• Proportion of mothers who do not know how to register the
child is very useful for the design of programmatic
interventions
Table CP.1: Birth registration
Percentage of children under age 5 by w hether birth is registered and percentage of children not registered w hose
mothers/caretakers know how to register birth, Country, Year
Children under age 5 w hose birth is
registered w ith civil authorities
Has birth certificate
Seen
Not seen
No birth
certificate
Number
Total
of
registered1 children
Children under age 5 w hose birth is not
registered
Percent of children w hose
mother/caretaker know s
how to register birth
Sex
Male
Female
Region
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4
Region 5
Residence
Urban
Rural
Age
0-11 months
12-23 months
24-35 months
36-47 months
48-59 months
Mother’s education
None
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Wealth index quintile
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Total
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
1
MICS indicator 8.1
Number of children
w ithout birth
registration
Table CP.1: Birth registration
Percentage of children under age 5 by whether birth is registered and percentage of children not registered whose mothers/caretakers know how to register birth
Children under age 5 whose birth is not
registered
Children under age 5 whose birth is registered with civil authorities
Has birth certificate
Seen
Sexe
Region
Milieu
Age
Niveau d'instruction de la mère
Wealth index quintiles
Religion du chef de ménage
Total
[1] MICS indicator 8.1
Masculin
Feminin
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Urbain
Rural
0-11 months
12-23 months
24-35 months
36-47 months
48-59 months
Aucun
Primaire
Secondaire & +
Manquant/NSP
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Animiste
Catholique
Protestant
Musulmane
Autre religion
Pas de religion/Manquant
Not seen
No birth certificate
3.5
3.6
1.3
1.1
.7
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.8
2.4
3.1
1.7
1.1
1.1
3.5
1.8
.6
1.5
1.1
20.9
2.1
1.4
13.3
1.0
2.9
4.4
3.3
3.8
3.6
2.2
4.6
16.6
.0
.1
.8
1.0
2.5
14.9
1.4
2.8
4.6
3.7
.0
1.8
11.9
10.7
14.4
6.4
8.2
9.7
5.4
12.5
4.4
8.2
5.9
17.6
4.6
3.6
9.7
6.3
8.0
5.7
11.6
36.9
9.5
10.0
27.0
7.1
8.8
11.6
11.6
12.3
12.2
9.4
13.0
28.1
70.5
4.8
6.2
8.3
10.4
28.8
4.6
11.3
9.9
12.6
7.6
3.3
.6
.9
.7
.1
1.3
.7
.1
.3
.0
1.8
.4
.1
.2
2.2
.6
1.0
.2
.7
.6
1.6
.9
.2
1.8
.5
.8
.8
.7
.8
.7
.5
1.5
2.0
.0
.0
.4
.3
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.2
.8
.6
.9
.2
3.6
11.3
.8
Percent of children
whose
mother/caretaker
Number of children
knows how to register
without birth
Total registered [1] Number of children
birth
registration
16.1
8413
25.0
7063
15.2
8593
27.0
7290
16.4
1033
13.7
863
7.7
151
45.6
139
10.3
839
36.6
753
12.0
811
15.0
714
6.8
964
17.2
898
14.6
765
10.3
653
6.2
683
10.5
640
12.5
863
48.7
755
9.3
1163
32.3
1055
19.4
1163
33.3
938
6.0
1260
22.1
1185
6.8
893
48.8
832
13.8
841
37.1
725
9.1
1301
16.4
1183
8.8
538
14.1
491
7.9
923
35.2
851
13.3
717
14.9
621
59.4
1670
30.3
678
12.4
142
29.2
125
11.6
287
12.6
254
42.0
3556
32.2
2061
8.6
13450
25.0
12292
12.5
3507
27.7
3068
16.8
2982
26.4
2480
15.5
3466
26.3
2930
16.8
3615
25.8
3006
16.5
3436
24.0
2868
12.0
12850
21.4
11308
19.1
3002
41.6
2430
46.7
1150
50.8
613
70.5
3
.0
1
5.0
3300
16.2
3136
7.4
3479
23.0
3221
9.7
3624
26.4
3273
13.9
3599
33.6
3097
45.9
3004
35.8
1626
7.2
484
37.1
449
15.4
2918
34.5
2470
15.3
3048
39.9
2583
17.0
9796
18.0
8134
8.5
82
58.9
75
5.4
679
27.9
642
15.6
17006
26.1
14353
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Some ideas for further analyses
Explore associations in the dataset, for example:
• Early childhood services may provide an access point for
registration, and the likelihood that the child is registered
might be related to whether the birth was assisted by a
skilled attendant, or whether the child received vaccinations
• Children who are registered by whether the child screen
negative or positive to disability questions
Some ideas for further analyses
Compare with other data sources and further studies, for
example:
• Comparison and additional analysis needed if there is a
significant difference in findings compared to vital registration
data.
• Further qualitative research to understand reasons for not
registering births in those groups where non-registration was
high.
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Child Labour – MICS Indicator
# 8.2: Child Labour
Percentage of children 5-14 years of age involved in child
labour
•
•
Age 5–11 years: At least 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of
domestic work per week.
Age 12–14 years: At least 14 hours of economic work or 28
hours of domestic work per week.
‘Economic work’ is defined as any paid or unpaid work for
someone who is not a member of the household, or other
family work
Indicators and definitions
# 8.3: School attendance among child labourers
Percentage of children age 5-14 years involved in
child labour activities who attend school
# 8.4: Child labour among students
Number of children age 5-14 years attending school
who are involved in child labour activities
Things to remember
• Different hour cut-off is used for economic activity,
for children 5-11/ 12-14 in the definition of child
labour
• The module does not capture the most harmful
types of child labour
Expected patterns
•
Children living in rural areas, children from poor families and children whose
mothers have no/low education are more likely to be engaged in child labour
•
Significant differences or levels of child labour may exist between regions within
the same country, especially in countries with high levels of economic
specialization
•
Girls are more likely than boys to be engaged in household chores
•
Most children are engaged in some form of activity (working children) but only a
minority of them are engaged in child labour
•
Different levels of schools attendance between child labourers and children who
are not engaged in child labour
Things to look for in the tables
• Variations in prevalence of child labour by sex/age of the child, as well as
by socio-demographic characteristics of their families
• Child labour-education relationship is important
– Proportions of child labourers in school and variation in school participation by type of
activity and intensity
• Comparison between the proportion of working children and the
proportion of children who are engaged in child labour
• Levels of gender specialization by type of activity and intensity of
involvement in labour and work by sex
Table CP.2: Child labour
Percentage of children by involvement in economic activity and household chores during the past w eek, according to age groups, and percentage of children age 5-14 involved in child labour, Country, Year
Percentage of children age 5-11 involved in
Percentage of children age 12-14 involved in
Economic activity
Working outside
household
Paid
Unpaid
w ork
w ork
Economic
activity Household Household
Number
Working
for at
chores chores for
of
for family least one less than 28 hours or Child children
business
hour
28 hours
more
labour age 5-11
Economic activity
Working outside
household
Paid
Unpaid
w ork
w ork
Economic
Economic activity
Working actvity
for 14
for family less than hours or
business 14 hours
more
Sex
Male
Female
Region
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4
Region 5
Residence
Urban
Rural
School attendance
Yes
No
Mother’s education
None
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Wealth index quintile
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Total
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
1
MICS indicator 8.2
Number
Househol Household
of
d chores chores for
children
less than 28 hours Child age 1228 hours or more labour
14
Total
child
labour1
Number of
children
age 5-14
years
Table CP.2: Child labour
Percentage of children by involvement in economic activity and household chores during the past week,
according to age groups, and percentage of children age 5-14 involved in child labour
Percentage of children age 12-14 involved in
Percentage of children age 5-11 involved in
Economic activity
Economic activity
Economic
Househol
Economic
Househol
Number
Number
Working outside
Working outside
activity Househol d chores
Number
Economic activity Househol d chores
of
of
household
household
Working
for at
d chores for 28
of
Working actvity
for 14 d chores for 28
children
Total
children
Unpaid for family least one less than hours or
Child
children
Unpaid for family less than hours or less than hours or
Child
age 12child
age 5-14
Paid work work
business
hour
28 hours
more
labour age 5-11 Paid work work
business 14 hours
more
28 hours
more
labour
14
labour [1] years
Sexe
Masculin
3.0
15.7
44.9
51.4
37.0
1.0
51.5
10825
6.7
18.7
63.1
49.4
19.5
51.0
1.9
20.1
3311
44.1
14136
Feminin
2.8
15.9
55.1
60.2
49.9
1.7
60.4
10695
5.4
19.7
80.9
60.1
23.1
73.2
5.3
25.0
3403
51.8
14098
Région XX
1.8
12.6
53.8
56.8
56.3
.3
56.9
1424
7.6
12.0
78.4
53.7
25.6
69.7
2.2
26.3
388
50.3
1812
XX
.3
3.3
44.7
45.3
37.0
5.3
46.1
180
1.1
7.6
67.5
47.9
21.3
72.5
7.5
25.3
49
41.7
229
XX
2.4
22.3
56.4
62.8
40.3
.8
62.8
949
4.8
26.4
82.2
64.0
19.8
67.7
1.0
20.2
278
53.1
1227
XX
6.3
12.5
47.4
53.0
46.8
.6
53.0
1029
7.7
14.2
68.4
59.4
11.8
63.3
3.0
13.3
297
44.1
1326
XX
1.7
20.0
55.6
62.4
38.9
1.0
62.5
1295
4.2
26.8
80.2
48.1
35.9
57.5
7.4
36.5
354
56.9
1649
XX
.9
16.1
52.7
56.5
46.3
3.4
56.7
1145
1.5
23.3
79.3
65.4
16.2
67.6
5.7
19.1
391
47.1
1536
XX
4.9
12.0
59.9
65.3
52.5
.8
65.3
959
11.3
11.8
75.5
64.0
15.8
68.5
4.5
17.3
321
53.3
1280
XX
10.5
1.9
47.4
50.5
39.4
1.8
50.6
1117
15.9
1.4
69.7
54.5
16.3
58.5
4.5
18.8
371
42.7
1488
XX
2.2
23.4
57.9
68.3
51.3
3.9
68.5
1226
3.9
33.2
78.4
46.7
39.3
63.9
7.5
42.0
395
62.0
1622
XX
2.2
39.5
73.5
77.9
77.4
.4
78.0
1414
5.1
41.9
86.2
78.1
9.6
83.1
.5
10.1
427
62.2
1841
XX
1.5
4.2
45.4
46.3
38.4
.4
46.3
1694
8.2
14.2
75.4
55.0
23.1
57.7
.0
23.1
534
40.7
2228
XX
.9
14.0
56.9
60.5
45.9
.1
60.7
1158
2.0
12.7
86.1
70.5
18.1
71.4
.1
18.2
395
49.9
1553
XX
1.9
23.8
52.5
60.2
46.2
2.8
60.4
1138
5.1
26.6
75.3
51.1
27.6
65.6
8.1
30.2
388
52.7
1526
XX
3.2
4.6
39.5
41.7
29.1
.0
41.7
1603
8.7
8.0
65.0
43.6
22.3
59.1
.7
22.3
445
37.5
2048
XX
3.2
12.0
36.1
44.0
29.8
1.1
44.1
707
5.2
11.8
60.7
42.7
25.4
51.8
3.9
27.2
188
40.5
895
XX
4.0
14.6
41.6
51.1
38.5
2.2
51.7
1231
6.2
16.4
67.9
51.1
22.1
57.6
7.3
24.2
428
44.6
1659
XX
.9
7.9
43.1
46.1
33.1
1.4
46.1
799
.6
12.7
69.9
51.9
20.6
59.3
.5
21.0
224
40.6
1022
XX
3.2
21.8
33.9
46.8
29.2
1.3
47.1
1861
4.8
23.3
42.8
43.3
12.8
44.1
3.0
14.3
683
38.3
2544
XX
1.9
5.8
45.1
48.8
38.2
1.3
49.0
195
4.7
8.4
71.2
50.6
21.9
67.1
5.6
24.4
65
42.9
260
XX
.9
32.4
55.0
68.3
44.5
4.0
68.3
396
3.3
35.8
79.6
38.6
45.0
60.6
12.2
45.3
94
63.9
490
Milieu
Urbain
2.5
18.0
39.1
47.9
36.4
1.1
48.2
4301
4.3
20.0
54.1
48.0
13.9
53.0
4.0
15.7
1536
39.6
5838
Rural
3.0
15.2
52.7
57.7
45.2
1.4
57.8
17219
6.6
19.0
77.4
56.9
23.5
65.0
3.6
24.6
5178
50.2
22396
School
Yes
3.2
16.9
54.5
60.1
48.8
1.7
60.2
9475
5.7
19.1
68.6
54.7
18.5
60.7
3.6
19.9
3832
48.6
13307
participati No
2.7
14.9
46.4
52.4
39.3
1.1
52.5
12045
6.6
19.3
76.7
55.0
25.1
64.3
3.7
26.2
2882
47.4
14927
on
Niveau Aucun
3.0
15.3
50.5
56.0
43.7
1.3
56.1
17332
6.4
19.5
74.1
55.6
22.3
63.2
3.4
23.4
5361
48.4
22693
d'instructi Primaire
3.0
16.9
50.5
56.1
44.3
1.8
56.3
3231
5.8
17.8
69.5
54.6
19.2
60.9
5.0
21.4
994
48.1
4225
on de la Secondair
1.4
21.5
38.9
49.9
37.1
1.2
49.9
948
2.4
19.2
49.2
42.8
13.2
53.0
3.5
14.9
353
40.4
1301
mère
e&+
Manquant
.0
.0
67.2
67.2
4.9
22.3
67.2
9
.0
.0
100.0
100.0
.0
8.2
.0
.0
5
42.2
14
/NSP
Wealth Poorest
2.5
16.3
54.1
58.8
47.5
1.4
58.9
4620
4.9
21.3
79.9
55.6
26.9
65.3
4.1
27.9
1312
52.0
5932
index
Second
3.1
14.7
53.0
57.6
44.1
1.4
57.6
4474
7.3
19.3
77.4
56.1
23.7
64.6
3.5
24.9
1347
50.1
5821
quintiles Middle
3.8
17.1
51.5
57.4
44.5
1.2
57.5
4360
8.1
21.2
75.9
58.2
22.7
65.0
3.2
23.9
1418
49.3
5777
Fourth
2.8
14.3
52.4
58.2
45.1
1.6
58.3
4348
7.1
15.1
76.8
57.2
21.8
63.8
4.9
23.5
1263
50.5
5610
Richest
2.3
16.7
36.5
45.1
34.6
1.1
45.3
3719
2.9
18.7
51.1
47.2
11.8
52.7
2.8
13.2
1374
36.6
5093
Religion Animiste
2.2
15.6
49.2
52.3
51.7
.9
52.3
750
14.5
14.5
74.5
56.4
21.2
67.0
.7
21.3
238
44.8
988
Catholiqu
3.2
20.8
55.6
62.5
50.0
2.0
62.7
3789
5.1
24.7
76.6
57.7
22.3
64.5
4.6
23.9
1244
53.1
5033
e
Protestan
3.5
15.9
53.1
58.6
48.4
1.5
58.7
3560
6.7
18.6
75.2
57.3
21.7
67.0
3.8
23.4
1241
49.6
4801
t
Musulma
2.6
14.7
47.5
53.4
40.3
1.2
53.5
12454
5.7
18.6
69.1
53.1
20.6
60.6
3.3
21.7
3669
46.2
16123
ne
Autre
.3
21.1
57.7
58.0
43.0
.0
58.0
129
.0
22.1
89.6
64.0
26.4
74.4
6.8
26.8
44
50.1
173
religion
Pas de
4.2
8.6
48.1
51.5
32.3
.9
51.5
837
6.3
8.8
73.2
50.5
24.7
46.6
5.0
26.1
278
45.2
1115
religion/M
anquant
Total
2.9
15.8
50.0
55.8
43.4
1.3
55.9
21520
6.1
19.2
72.1
54.8
21.3
62.2
3.7
22.6
6714
48.0
28234
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Table CP.3: Child labour and school attendance
Percentage of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour w ho are attending school, and percentage of children age 514 years attending school w ho are involved in child labour, Country, Year
Percentage Percentage
of children of children
involved in
attending
child labour
school
Percentage of Number of
Percentage of
Number of child labourers children age children attending
children
w ho are
5-14 years
school w ho are
age 5-14
attending
involved in
involved in child
years
school1
child labour
labour 2
Sex
Male
Female
Region
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 4
Region 5
Residence
Urban
Rural
Age
5-11
12-14
Mother’s education
None
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Wealth index quintile
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Total
MICS4 Survey
MICSDesign
indicator 8.3 Workshop
1
2
MICS indicator 8.4
Number of
children age
5-14 years
attending
school
Table CP.3: Child labour and school attendance
Percentage of children age 5-14 years involved in child labour who are attending school, and percentage of children age 5-14 years attending school who are involved in child labour
Sexe
Région
Milieu
Age
Niveau d'instruction de la mère
Wealth index quintiles
Religion du chef de ménage
Total
[1] MICS indicator 8.3
[2] MICS indicator 8.4
Masculin
Feminin
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Urbain
Rural
5-11 years
12-14 years
Aucun
Primaire
Secondaire & +
Manquant/NSP
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Animiste
Catholique
Protestant
Musulmane
Autre religion
Pas de religion/Manquant
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of child
children involved in children attending Number of children labourers who are
child labour
school
age 5-14 years
attending school [1]
44.1
51.2
14136
50.5
51.8
43.1
14098
45.4
50.3
32.8
1812
33.2
41.7
41.5
229
41.4
53.1
30.3
1227
29.0
44.1
44.9
1326
44.9
56.9
19.7
1649
19.2
47.1
29.6
1536
30.0
53.3
22.7
1280
22.1
42.7
67.0
1488
72.2
62.0
59.3
1622
57.6
62.2
55.4
1841
51.8
40.7
55.3
2228
65.7
49.9
64.3
1553
71.9
52.7
76.2
1526
80.9
37.5
31.3
2048
28.8
40.5
27.0
895
25.0
44.6
68.0
1659
69.0
40.6
12.1
1022
9.1
38.3
72.8
2544
73.6
42.9
32.5
260
35.6
63.9
27.8
490
24.0
39.6
67.1
5838
69.1
50.2
41.9
22396
43.4
55.9
44.0
21520
47.4
22.6
57.1
6714
50.2
48.4
40.1
22693
40.6
48.1
72.9
4225
76.2
40.4
85.2
1301
86.2
42.2
52.0
50.1
49.3
50.5
36.6
44.8
53.1
49.6
46.2
50.1
45.2
48.0
98.4
35.6
37.4
43.7
51.1
71.2
56.5
64.7
69.2
33.6
62.4
57.2
47.1
14
5932
5821
5777
5610
5093
988
5033
4801
16123
173
1115
28234
100.0
38.7
37.9
45.8
52.1
74.5
61.8
66.3
71.0
31.7
62.0
63.1
47.8
Percentage of
Number of children children attending
age 5-14 years
school who are
Number of children
involved in child
involved in child
age 5-14 years
labour
labour [2]
attending school
6237
43.6
7234
7308
54.6
6073
912
50.9
595
95
41.6
95
652
50.8
372
585
44.2
595
939
55.4
325
724
47.9
454
682
51.8
291
635
46.0
997
1006
60.2
962
1146
58.2
1019
908
48.4
1231
774
55.7
999
805
56.0
1162
767
34.4
642
363
37.6
241
740
45.3
1128
415
30.6
124
975
38.7
1853
111
46.9
85
313
55.1
136
2313
40.9
3915
11232
51.9
9392
12028
60.2
9475
1518
19.9
3832
10981
49.0
9104
2032
50.3
3079
526
40.9
1109
6
3085
2914
2847
2833
1866
443
2674
2381
7457
87
504
13545
42.9
56.5
50.8
51.7
51.5
38.3
49.0
54.4
50.9
43.5
49.8
49.8
48.6
14
2114
2176
2524
2868
3626
558
3259
3320
5424
108
638
13307
MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Some ideas for further analyses
• Association between child labour and school attendance by
sex of the child and other background characteristics to
assess the relative impact of child labour and sex on school
participation
• School participation for child labourers by the level of
education of the mother also - cross tabulated with sex.
• Relationship between school drop outs and labour
• Child labour (family business/household chores) and child
discipline
• Child labour by family settings (including family size and
number of children)
Violent Discipline Indicator: definition
• Numerator:
Children age 2-14 years who
experienced psychological aggression or physical
punishment during the 30 days preceding the survey
• Denominator: Children age 2-14
Definition of violent discipline
• Psychological aggression: shouting, yelling and screaming at
the child, and addressing her or him with offensive names.
• Physical (or corporal) punishment: actions intended to cause
the child physical pain or discomfort but not injuries. This
include: shaking the child and slapping or hitting him or her
on the hand, arm, leg or bottom, hitting the child on the face,
head or ears, or hitting the child hard or repeatedly.
Expected patterns
• Non-violent discipline is more common than violent discipline. Caregivers
use non-violent disciplinary practices with the overwhelming majority of
children. However, the proportion of children who are subject to nonviolent methods only are a minority
• Psychological violence is more common than physical violence However,
these forms of violence are linked and occur together: most children are
likely to experience both physical punishment and psychological
aggression
• Family wealth and levels of education of household members are
significantly associated with attitudes in most countries, but not always
with disciplinary practices
• Larger variations in attitudes than in practices
Things to look for in the tables
• Variations in the use of violent disciplinary practices by
sex/age of the child, as well as socio-demographic
characteristics of their families that may predict which
children are most at risk of violent discipline
• Variations in the support for physical punishment by sex,
education, wealth of the respondent
• Comparison between proportion of children who experience
physical punishment and proportion of respondents who
believe physical punishment is necessary
Things to look out in the tables and things to
remember
•
Respondent is reporting on disciplinary practices used by any adult household member (not
his own practices)
•
Previous MICS data were collected from mothers/primary caregivers; differences between
surveys can be due to reporting issues
•
Previous MICS tables presented data on physical punishment separated for moderate and
severe
•
Prevalence of severe punishment has to be lower than prevalence for any physical
punishment
•
Same cases need to remain empty as they are not applicable (ex. education of the household
head under the column for attitudes, respondent’s education under prevalence of
disciplinary practices)
•
Proportion of children who do not receive any discipline (i.e. not violent nor non-violent
only) should be minimal
Table CP.4: Child discipline
Percentage of children age 2-14 years according to method of disciplining the child
Percentage of children age 2-14 years who experienced:
71.9
69.8
59.7
64.0
71.5
82.4
61.9
59.5
74.6
71.6
86.9
73.7
85.9
83.4
82.4
66.0
61.7
72.7
43.7
63.5
59.1
64.7
67.8
71.6
63.6
72.2
76.0
68.9
76.8
71.2
63.1
na
na
na
na
73.2
71.0
72.4
70.0
67.2
85.8
77.8
78.3
64.7
82.7
84.4
77.4
75.8
75.7
68.3
81.4
81.0
75.5
70.8
82.0
71.5
82.3
83.5
90.8
74.9
78.7
78.5
65.8
76.2
51.8
71.8
61.5
74.7
73.9
77.3
72.5
79.2
77.1
76.4
79.2
73.8
72.3
na
na
na
na
78.9
74.1
77.7
77.9
74.2
84.5
79.5
79.8
74.1
75.3
81.2
Respondent
believes that the
Any violent
Number of
child needs to be Respondents to
discipline method children age 2-14 physically
the child discipline
[1]
years
punished
module
41.2
85.0
19614
38.9
6107
40.9
83.6
19740
37.6
6339
38.4
83.5
2504
38.6
745
37.6
76.6
337
29.0
120
39.5
87.2
1793
43.8
603
52.3
91.2
1840
48.6
576
36.5
81.3
2302
40.2
717
37.7
76.7
2059
30.2
707
47.3
84.7
1767
32.8
564
37.9
79.5
2026
28.5
677
45.2
93.3
2399
44.9
757
52.5
90.3
2567
21.8
832
60.1
93.5
3072
41.7
855
28.7
89.5
2087
52.8
562
38.7
89.5
2038
60.5
641
37.3
83.1
2889
34.9
977
33.9
71.6
1291
36.5
390
43.5
86.6
2223
39.9
674
18.2
59.9
1525
17.5
500
40.8
81.5
3574
37.9
1223
27.4
71.2
365
39.3
114
27.8
83.4
697
47.8
213
41.2
83.0
8055
37.3
2673
41.0
84.7
31299
38.5
9773
36.3
78.9
11526
35.2
4188
43.5
86.1
15670
38.8
4676
42.3
87.1
12158
41.0
3583
41.4
83.4
25250
na
na
39.6
87.2
8274
na
na
41.3
84.3
5546
na
na
45.6
80.5
284
na
na
na
na
na
37.3
8401
na
na
na
41.4
2526
na
na
na
38.1
1506
na
na
na
49.0
13
42.6
86.4
8176
35.6
2750
40.0
82.1
8139
35.9
2609
41.0
84.7
8136
39.5
2516
40.9
85.2
7907
41.5
2440
40.7
83.1
6996
39.2
2133
50.0
89.9
1293
30.0
319
42.6
90.3
6850
40.0
2170
45.2
87.4
6686
40.2
2138
38.4
80.7
22726
36.7
7293
32.7
88.7
229
43.8
59
48.5
91.9
1570
50.6
468
70.9
76.6
41.0
Physical punishment
Sexe
Région
Milieu
Age
Niveau d'instruction du
chef de ménage
Respondent's education
Wealth index quintiles
Religion du chef de
ménage
Total
Masculin
Feminin
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Urbain
Rural
2-4 years
5-9 years
10-14 years
Aucun
Primaire
Secondaire & +
Manquant/NSP
None
Primary
Secondary +
Missing/DK
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Animiste
Catholique
Protestant
Musulmane
Autre religion
Pas de religion/Manquant
Only non-violent
discipline
10.3
10.8
7.3
13.6
8.2
5.3
13.5
17.4
7.9
13.9
5.8
7.6
4.1
6.3
7.5
14.8
14.4
9.7
29.2
11.8
21.1
9.8
11.3
10.4
11.9
10.1
9.8
10.9
9.6
10.5
10.6
na
na
na
na
8.9
12.7
10.1
9.6
11.5
5.1
6.0
9.6
12.9
4.4
5.3
10.5
Psychological
aggression
Any
Severe
84.3
39354
38.2
12447
Some ideas for further analyses
•
Experience of violent discipline by mother’s/caregiver’s attitudes towards corporal
punishment (i.e. see to which extent attitudes influence practices)
•
Experience of violent discipline by family setting (household size and number of
children, present of parents in the household, type of marital union)
•
Experience of violent discipline and use of alcohol in the household
•
Attitudes towards physical punishment and attitudes towards domestic violence
•
Attitudes towards physical punishment and exposure to media
•
Experience of violent discipline and early childhood indicators (Parent-child
interaction, parental involvement with the child, materials and stimulation provided,
CDI)
Early Marriage - MICS Indicators
# 8.6: Marriage before age 15
Proportion of women age 15-49 years who were first
married or in union by the exact age of 15
# 8.7: Marriage before age 18
Proportion of women age 20-49 years who were first
married or in union by the exact age of 18
#8.8: Young women age 15-19 years currently married
or in union
Marriage - MICS Indicators
8.9: Polygyny
Proportion of women age 15-49 years who are in a polygynous union
 Only applicable in countries where polygyny is practiced
 Requires customization of questionnaire if not asked (add skips in MA2)
8.10a and 8.10b: Spousal age difference
Proportion of women currently married or in union whose spouse is 10 or
more years older (a) for women age 15-19 years, (b) for women age 20-24
years
Expected patterns
• Decline in the prevalence of child marriage, particularly for
marriages below age 15
• Significant differences in prevalence of child marriage
between women and men
• Higher levels of child marriage among the poorest
women/men, women/men living in rural areas, women/men
with no/low education
Things to look for in the tables
• Trends in the proportion of women/men married/in union
before age 18 and 15 can be obtained by comparing age
cohorts (20-24, 25-29, 30-34…)
• Percentage of women 20-24 married by 18 and percentage of
women 15-19 married by 15 give an indication of the most
recent situation
• Comparison between the percentages of women/men
married by age 15 and by age 18 for the same cohorts/groups
of women/men gives you the proportions of women/men
married by 15 and those married at age 15 or after but before
age 18
Things to look out in the tables and things
to remember
• Some cases in the tables should be empty as they are not
applicable
• Some values should be the same across the tables
• Proportion of women for which age of the partner is unknown
• Number of unweighted cases from women 15-19 and 20-24
who are currently married
• Spousal age differences are produced using the age of the
current husband, even if formerly married
Table CP.5: Early marriage and polygyny
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Number of
married before women age 15- married before married before
age 15
age 18 [2]
age 15 [1]
49 years
Region
XX
37.6
804
40.9
74.9
XX
19.8
142
23.4
63.3
XX
41.0
756
43.3
78.8
XX
37.3
714
39.9
73.5
XX
40.4
832
42.4
78.9
XX
27.8
772
31.1
75.4
XX
43.1
576
43.2
83.9
XX
21.1
897
24.7
66.4
XX
21.1
966
21.6
67.7
XX
18.9
1013
21.1
68.2
XX
27.0
1203
29.4
82.3
XX
27.1
857
32.1
69.4
XX
13.3
861
14.3
59.6
XX
26.4
1187
29.6
63.2
XX
48.2
453
49.8
81.3
XX
26.4
896
28.8
71.7
XX
22.9
626
23.6
63.6
XX
23.5
2008
26.0
51.7
XX
32.3
133
36.4
70.4
XX
25.6
236
26.9
64.7
Milieu
Urbain
25.2
3994
28.0
58.5
Rural
28.9
11938
31.1
72.7
Age
15-19
18.9
3315
.
.
20-24
28.2
3003
28.2
68.3
25-29
30.3
3064
30.3
69.4
30-34
33.7
2350
33.7
72.0
35-39
30.8
1920
30.8
67.3
40-44
30.8
1284
30.8
68.5
45-49
27.2
995
27.2
70.2
Niveau d'instruction de la
Aucun
32.4
11092
33.8
73.9
femme
Primaire
21.9
3039
24.8
65.9
Secondaire & +
10.8
1801
12.2
37.2
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest
25.0
3044
27.4
71.2
Second
30.3
3065
32.8
74.3
Middle
29.0
3162
31.6
72.8
Fourth
29.8
3272
31.3
71.1
Richest
25.6
3389
28.6
57.3
Religion du chef de ménage Animiste
29.4
502
32.3
79.3
Catholique
21.3
2883
23.3
68.6
Protestant
18.9
2988
21.4
62.2
Musulmane
33.1
8895
35.6
70.9
Autre religion
18.8
69
18.6
66.9
Pas de religion/Manquant
27.6
596
29.0
74.2
Total
27.9
15932
30.3
69.3
[1] MICS indicator 8.6 [2] MICS indicator 8.7 [3] MICS indicator 8.8 [4] MICS indicator 8.9
Percentage of Number of
Percentage of
women age
women age
women 15-19
15-49 years in 15-49 years
Number of years currently Number of
polygynous
currently
women age
married/in
women age
marriage/
married/in
20-49 years
union [3]
15-19 years
union [4]
union
646
53.6
158
33.8
680
109
45.6
33
29.4
110
599
68.5
157
38.1
651
576
48.3
138
43.7
572
660
57.9
172
40.1
708
618
46.0
154
22.8
641
469
63.7
108
39.3
498
694
40.3
204
32.0
651
768
50.8
198
36.4
790
837
53.6
176
43.0
867
969
61.2
233
45.3
1074
665
38.2
192
47.6
693
695
21.5
166
37.6
583
918
43.4
268
44.3
914
363
56.9
91
41.4
372
705
50.1
190
39.9
716
489
49.4
137
43.9
509
1550
38.1
458
32.0
1330
100
40.1
33
25.5
104
186
42.9
50
44.4
186
3040
39.5
954
32.7
2755
9577
51.0
2361
40.4
9894
0
47.7
3315
19.3
1582
3003
.
0
29.8
2472
3064
.
0
38.9
2817
2350
.
0
45.8
2158
1920
.
0
45.3
1728
1284
.
0
53.2
1101
995
.
0
50.3
790
9337
58.4
1755
41.1
9536
2169
39.6
870
34.2
2195
1111
30.6
690
24.3
918
2481
45.0
563
37.8
2373
2468
50.3
598
39.6
2538
2503
51.5
659
38.1
2667
2566
54.0
705
39.8
2700
2599
38.9
791
38.0
2371
417
50.6
85
56.3
447
2302
42.6
580
38.5
2204
2335
41.2
653
35.1
2247
7014
51.1
1880
38.3
7178
63
21.4
6
42.8
58
484
54.3
111
45.5
515
12617
47.7
3315
38.7
12649
Table CP.6: Trends in early marriage
Percentage of women who were first married or entered into a marital union before age 15 and 18, by residence and age groups,Country,Year
Urban
Rural
All
Percentage
Percentage
of women
of women
married
married
Number
before age Number of before age
of
15
women
18
women
Percentage
Percentage
of women
of women
married
married
before age Number of before age Number of
15
women
18
women
Percentage
Percentage
of women
of women
married
married
before age Number of before age Number of
15
women
18
women
Age
15-19
na
na
na
na
na
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Total
Figures in the total row are based on women age 15-49 and 20-49 for marriage before age 15 and age 18, respectively
Same values
as in CP 5
na
Table CP.7: Spousal age difference
Percent distribution of women currently married/in union age 15-19 and 20-24 years according to the age difference with their husband or partner,
Percentage of currently married/in union women age 15-19 years whose
Percentage of currently married/in union women age 20-24 years whose
husband or partner is:
husband or partner is:
Number of
Number of
women age
women age
15-19 years
20-24 years
Husband/p
currently
Husband/p
currently
0-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years artner's age
married/in
0-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years artner's age
married/in
Younger
older
older
older [1]
unknown
Total
union
Younger
older
older
older *
unknown
Total
union
Région
XX
.4
20.2
31.2
28.2
19.9
100.0
84
1.9
7.3
40.3
45.4
5.1
100.0
144
XX
.0
20.7
26.0
42.4
10.9
100.0
15
1.6
15.4
38.9
37.6
6.4
100.0
24
XX
.0
27.3
26.8
29.9
16.0
100.0
107
2.1
22.8
37.5
35.0
2.6
100.0
141
XX
.0
9.7
41.2
30.7
18.4
100.0
67
.0
11.8
28.5
45.2
14.5
100.0
103
XX
.6
8.8
30.5
44.5
15.6
100.0
100
3.3
11.0
29.2
41.6
14.9
100.0
149
XX
3.2
13.7
36.7
44.0
2.4
100.0
71
2.0
6.0
38.1
42.2
11.7
100.0
110
XX
.0
23.8
29.3
35.5
11.4
100.0
69
2.5
9.6
30.8
41.4
15.8
100.0
84
XX
.0
28.5
23.3
16.7
31.4
100.0
82
1.8
20.2
27.9
27.7
22.3
100.0
142
XX
1.8
41.3
25.4
24.1
7.4
100.0
101
1.1
42.6
33.8
18.3
4.2
100.0
167
XX
2.7
22.4
34.1
30.6
10.2
100.0
94
.0
34.4
27.0
31.8
6.7
100.0
171
XX
1.2
18.2
32.1
23.6
25.0
100.0
143
.0
20.4
17.6
36.1
25.9
100.0
222
XX
.0
29.9
14.7
8.1
47.3
100.0
73
.4
9.8
18.5
28.1
43.3
100.0
123
XX
.0
8.3
30.5
53.0
8.2
100.0
36
2.1
19.5
43.5
24.7
10.2
100.0
107
XX
1.8
13.1
34.0
31.5
19.6
100.0
117
1.2
18.2
29.7
40.1
10.8
100.0
165
XX
.0
15.5
44.1
30.7
9.8
100.0
52
.6
6.3
32.2
28.6
32.3
100.0
76
XX
.5
21.2
37.9
32.1
8.3
100.0
95
.2
29.3
18.2
27.4
24.9
100.0
142
XX
.0
11.0
38.3
28.4
22.4
100.0
68
.2
19.2
42.6
16.3
21.8
100.0
70
XX
.0
10.9
30.4
44.5
14.1
100.0
175
2.8
14.0
21.5
52.5
9.2
100.0
286
XX
.0
14.2
43.5
25.2
17.1
100.0
13
.0
10.9
31.4
42.9
14.8
100.0
18
XX
1.6
18.6
31.7
41.3
6.7
100.0
21
3.2
18.6
31.5
42.1
4.6
100.0
31
Milieu
Urbain
.5
12.3
31.1
42.9
13.2
100.0
377
1.9
14.7
24.3
49.6
9.5
100.0
570
Rural
.8
21.4
31.6
28.1
18.1
100.0
1205
1.2
20.0
30.4
31.8
16.7
100.0
1902
Age
15-19
.8
19.2
31.5
31.6
17.0
100.0
1582
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
20-24
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
1.4
18.8
29.0
35.9
15.0
100.0
2472
Niveau d'instruction Aucun
.9
19.5
33.6
32.1
13.9
100.0
1026
1.5
16.7
29.8
38.8
13.2
100.0
1669
de la femme
Primaire
.7
18.4
25.6
27.1
28.2
100.0
345
1.2
22.1
27.0
27.4
22.3
100.0
531
Secondaire & +
.3
19.0
30.8
36.5
13.4
100.0
211
1.2
24.8
27.5
34.6
11.9
100.0
273
Wealth index
Poorest
.0
21.3
29.7
24.2
24.8
100.0
253
.4
20.1
28.2
36.6
14.6
100.0
397
quintiles
Second
1.3
20.8
34.3
28.6
15.0
100.0
301
1.0
24.3
28.8
24.4
21.5
100.0
539
Middle
1.8
25.3
33.4
23.4
16.1
100.0
339
1.1
23.0
35.3
25.4
15.2
100.0
511
Fourth
.0
18.1
31.1
32.8
17.9
100.0
381
2.9
12.3
29.4
41.8
13.5
100.0
523
Richest
.6
10.5
28.4
48.4
12.1
100.0
307
1.3
14.1
23.0
52.1
9.6
100.0
503
Religion du chef de Animiste
.3
17.7
29.0
24.6
28.4
100.0
43
.5
8.5
20.6
43.1
27.3
100.0
85
ménage
Catholique
1.1
28.8
26.0
26.7
17.3
100.0
247
2.3
27.8
29.7
22.0
18.2
100.0
423
Protestant
1.2
30.6
28.6
18.6
21.0
100.0
269
.2
30.5
28.2
22.2
18.9
100.0
460
Musulmane
.6
14.0
33.5
37.0
14.8
100.0
961
1.7
12.4
30.4
44.2
11.3
100.0
1394
Autre religion
.0
.0
.0
.0
100.0
100.0
1
.0
27.8
17.2
38.5
16.5
100.0
13
Pas de
.0
13.0
36.2
29.0
21.9
100.0
61
.0
23.1
17.1
34.5
25.2
100.0
97
religion/Manquant
Total
.8
19.2
31.5
31.6
17.0
100.0
1582
1.4
18.8
29.0
35.9
15.0
100.0
2472
Some ideas for further analyses
• Child marriage and attitudes towards domestic violence
• Child marriage and early childbearing
• Child marriage and contraceptive use
• Child marriage and knowledge of HIV prevention
• Child marriage and number of children
Women who marry as children are more
likely to justify wife-beating
Percentage of currently married women who agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife if she goes out without telling
him, by age at first marriage, DHS 2002-2009
100
90
Married before age 18
80
Married between ages 18-24
Married at age 25 or later
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Zambia
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Kenya
Benin
Cameroon
Zimbabwe
Attitudes toward Domestic Violence MICS Indicator
Percentage of women aged 15-49 who state that a
husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his
wife in at least one of the following circumstances:
–
–
–
–
–
(1) she goes out without telling him,
(2) she neglects the children,
(3) she argues with him,
(4) she refuses sex with him,
(5) she burns the food
Expected patterns
• Women from the poorest quintiles and women with no education are
more likely to justify wife-beating
• High level of consistency across regions/groups of women in the pattern
of agreement with reasons justifying wife beating, although the extent
of agreement can vary greatly (i.e. women are thinking about gender
roles and duties when answering these questions)
• Neglecting the children and going out without telling the husband are
the most common reasons
• Women, especially girls, are more likely to justify domestic violence than
their male counterparts
Things to look for in the tables
• Disparities by place of residence/ethnicity/wealth
quintile/education
• Attitudes by age of the respondent
• Attitudes by marital status
• Main reasons for justifying wife beating
Table CP.11: Attitudes toward domestic violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 years who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner in various circumstances
Percentage of women age 15-49 years who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner:
Région
Milieu
Age
Statut marital
If goes out without If she neglects the If she argues
telling him
children
him
XX
43.9
43.4
XX
15.2
14.5
XX
29.9
28.3
XX
46.5
42.5
XX
53.9
56.2
XX
19.7
24.6
XX
53.1
54.9
XX
80.4
81.5
XX
71.6
71.4
XX
32.1
34.9
XX
55.0
53.4
XX
50.4
52.4
XX
65.5
70.3
XX
57.7
56.8
XX
46.0
45.1
XX
50.2
48.0
XX
14.1
14.9
XX
41.3
45.0
XX
35.0
37.3
XX
59.1
63.4
Urbain
46.1
47.7
Rural
48.9
49.7
15-19
45.1
46.3
20-24
48.6
50.5
25-29
49.9
50.9
30-34
49.3
49.4
35-39
46.5
48.1
40-44
50.8
52.0
45-49
49.9
47.6
Actuellement mariée ou en union
48.2
49.3
Précédemment mariée ou en
union
Jamais mariée ou en union
Niveau d'instruction de la femme Aucun
Primaire
Secondaire & +
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest
Second
Middle
Fourth
Richest
Religion du chef de ménage
Animiste
Catholique
Protestant
Musulmane
Autre religion
Pas de religion/Manquant
Total
[1] MICS indicator 8.14
with
41.0
5.0
23.3
36.0
41.0
25.0
47.3
77.2
52.9
33.0
39.1
34.7
66.0
46.0
37.0
46.9
14.0
34.8
30.0
46.0
38.2
41.8
38.0
41.5
42.5
41.4
40.8
42.4
40.8
41.1
If she refuses sex
with him
36.9
14.3
22.8
36.9
42.3
24.1
55.6
72.8
44.7
22.6
43.5
38.8
54.0
45.6
53.5
47.9
15.0
33.2
32.5
44.3
37.9
40.7
36.7
40.7
41.0
40.9
39.7
42.1
41.2
41.1
If she burns the
For any of these Number of women
food
reasons [1]
age 15-49 years
47.3
60.1
804
9.6
22.7
142
19.5
37.8
756
39.1
55.0
714
47.3
64.1
832
21.3
40.2
772
42.7
65.5
576
78.5
89.1
897
49.4
74.8
966
39.2
59.3
1013
40.4
57.8
1203
55.1
61.1
857
69.0
79.8
861
40.5
76.7
1187
38.6
68.6
453
46.3
61.5
896
17.2
24.9
626
32.7
67.2
2008
35.1
40.6
133
40.9
70.1
236
38.2
65.7
3994
43.6
61.3
11938
40.8
59.2
3315
42.7
64.2
3003
42.4
64.3
3064
44.4
62.8
2350
40.6
61.1
1920
44.1
63.8
1284
41.3
61.7
995
42.7
62.5
12649
51.8
49.7
43.0
40.4
40.9
64.6
1143
46.2
48.4
38.9
33.1
40.6
60.5
2140
46.8
54.6
46.3
50.4
48.1
48.1
49.8
44.9
54.1
55.5
57.7
42.1
60.5
50.2
48.2
47.4
55.9
48.9
48.8
49.5
49.6
50.6
47.4
55.1
55.8
59.1
43.0
63.9
53.0
49.2
39.6
47.4
37.9
42.3
40.8
42.6
41.2
37.9
44.9
47.3
50.8
35.2
53.0
41.3
40.9
39.7
43.5
35.9
38.8
40.7
42.0
40.9
37.6
49.8
42.0
46.0
36.5
51.0
41.6
40.0
40.3
49.5
42.0
41.8
43.6
44.4
44.1
37.7
55.3
49.6
53.2
35.0
70.0
46.0
42.3
60.4
67.8
65.6
63.1
61.4
61.3
61.2
64.8
65.3
69.0
70.8
57.5
77.8
57.0
62.4
11092
3039
1801
3044
3065
3162
3272
3389
502
2883
2988
8895
69
596
15932
Some ideas for further analyses
• Comparison between men’s and women's attitudes towards
domestic violence (both levels and patterns)
• Attitudes towards domestic violence and attitudes towards
violent discipline
• Attitudes towards domestic violence and age at first marriage
and or spousal difference
• Attitudes towards domestic violence by number of children
ever born, regular media exposure, residence in an extended
family