Transcript Invasive Species Lec 01 Bio 48803 Althoff

FIELD BIOLOGY & METHODOLOGY
Fall 2014 Althoff
Measuring Productivity
Part I
Lecture
19
Population Biology 101
• Popn =
• For popn to _____:
births+emigration > deaths + immigration
• ________________: adult population fails to
replace itself with self-sustaining individuals…
___________________…must be sustained by
excess from other subpopulations
Key Definitions
• ______________ = number of offspring (young)
produced during a reproductive cycle (season)
by a population
• ______________ = number of young produced
in a popn that reach sexual maturity
• ______________ = rate at which an individual
produces offspring (young)
Key Definitions…BIRDS
• ________________ = number of eggs that hatch
per nest (or group of nests). Not equivalent to
nesting/ fledging success.
-egg per nest hatches
or -- ____ of eggs hatching per nest
• __________ = young still in nest and/or unable to
fly to leave natal site
• __________ = young left nest and/or natal site,
able to fly
• _____________ > 1 nestling/hatchling fledges
BIRDS
•
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•
•
•
?
?
BIRDS…nest searching & monitoring
• Key papers:
Martin, T.E. and G.R. Geupel. 1993. Nestmonitoring plots: methods for locating nests
and monitoring success. Journal of Field
Ornithology 64(4):507-519. (on CLASSNOTES)
Winter, M., S.E. Hawks, J.A. Shaffer, and
D.H. Johnson. 2003. Guidelines for finding
nests of passerine birds in tallgrass prairie.
Prairie Naturalist 35(3):197-211 (on CLASSNOTES)
BIRDS…nest searching & monitoring
• Key considerations:
1
T & E species
2
Human impact on searches & monitoring
3
Brood parasitism factor
4
Imperfect/uncertain nest/fledgling fate
1
T & E Species
• Few left….
• Don’t want to
mark/band nestlings
if can avoid it…but
doesn’t help
monitoring effort
• Always error to the
side of caution…
• Examples:
California condor
____________
Kirtland’s warbler
2
Human Impact on
Nesting Success
• Nest often well
camouflaged or
cryptic… ___________
• ______________ to
nest site “provides path”
for ground predator
(i.e., snakes, small
mammals) or visual
cues to aerial predators
(i.e., crows) or retard
growth of nestlings
Waterfowl nest predated before hatching
3
Brood parasitism
• Affects
determination of
number of fledglings
of host species ____
_____
• Could _____ “nest”
success
results….sometimes
cowbirds mature/
fledge before host
species young…or
nest is abandoned
prematurely
3
Brood parasitism …con’t
• In some areas, for impacted host species, brood
parasitism is ______...so probably not that big
impact on estimation of productivity
• In some areas, for impacted host species, brood
parasitism is ______...so significant impact on
estimation of productivity
• Decision: is metric one uses…???
a) __________________________ (more
helpful for determining recruitment)
b) __________________________per unit
of area (cruder estimate of productivity)
Detailed Protocols….from nest
initiation to fledgling
• Murphy, Robert K., Brian G. Root, Paul M. Mayer, J. Paul Goossen,
and Karen A. Smith. 1999. A draft protocol for assessing piping
plover reproductive success on Great Plains alkali lakes.
Pages 90-107 in K.F. Higgins, M.R. Brashier, and C.D. Kruse
(eds.), Proceedings, piping plovers and least terns of the Great
Plains and nearby. South Dakota State University, Brookings.
Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Online.http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/pplover/index.htm
(Version 08Oct99).
• Determine chronology of breeding season and
monitor the stages. Requires detailed records
including mapping
Piping plover mapping
Note:
1) Location of
nests, no.
eggs, etc.
2) No. of adults
(1,2, or 3…i.e.,
breeding pairs
3) Behaviors
(on nest?,
courtship
displays?,
vocalizatons?)
Piping Plover monitoring…con’t
• Start in early May
• Visit individual alkaline lakes every
_____ days
• Cannot “flag” nest….so use _____
(stone markers….10-30 ft/paces from
nest location)
• Determine _____ of eggs, then…
• Determine _____ of chicks (prefledging), then…
• Follow sites/lakes until all birds
“gone”…usually by early August
Nest building
Territory
Establishment
Breeding Chronology
Piping Plover
3
Egg laying
4e, 4-5 d
Fledge
1
2
Incubation
25-27 d
Precoccial chicks
18-21 d
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
Piping Plover reporting…con’t
• Density of pairs (but “challenge” being
a “shoreline” species)
• Clutch size (mean, median, mode)
• Nest success - %
1
• Egg /Hatching success - %
2 • Chick survival post hatching - trend
3 • Fledging success -%
• Young produced per adult
< 1 chick fledged per adult
> 1 chick fledged per adult steady or increasing
Nest Survival/Success Analysis
• Most commonly used approach is the _________
METHOD (1961, 1975):
• Mayfield, H.F. 1961. Nesting success calculated
from exposure. Wilson Bulletin 73:255-261.
• Mayfield, H.F. 1975. Suggestions for calculating
nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87:456-466.
• Attempted to deal with “incomplete info” and
provide guidelines (and consequences of those
guidelines) for what to include in the analysis
Post-fledging Survival
• For most species, this is _____ most important
piece of information to know
• For most species, this is _____ most difficult
piece of information to obtain
a) challenge of tagging/marking individuals
___________________ them
b) challenge of __________ them
examples:
piping plovers: “gone” in 18-21 d
grasshopper sparrows: out of
adult territory in 7-21 d
dabbling ducks: move from lake
to lake in some regions
Proportional survival of _______________ (0-20 days)
wood thrushes during years of low, moderate, and high
rodent abundance southeastern New York.
Schmidt, K.A., S.A. Rush, and R.S. Ostfeld. 2008. Wood thrush nest success and postfledgling survival across a temporal pulse of small mammal abundance in an oak forest.
Journal of Animal Ecology 77:830-837.
Interpret the wood thrush data
• What does the y-axis scale mean?
• What are the “vertical lines” extending from each
“point” expressing?
• Why are all 3 “lines/trends” decreasing?
• Based on 18-20 d post-fledgling survival data,
which, condition (high, moderate, or low) of
small mammal abundance appears to negatively
influence wood thrush survival the most?
Spot Mapping
• Requires ________ visits to a site/plot (usually
10 or more)
• Requires ability to detect species via _______ or
_________ or both
• Aided by ability detect males vs. females
(__________________________________)
• Aided by _________ (banded and/or radiomarked) of individuals
• Aided by knowing _____________________
associated with nest building, egg laying,
incubating, feeding of young, alarm calls, etc.
Indirect Method – Reproductive Index
• ___________ Method:
Vickery, P.D., Hunter, M.L. & Wells, J.V. 1992.
Use of a new reproductive index to evaluate
relationship between habitat quality and
breeding success. Auk 109:697-705.
• Basic premise: _____________ reflect stage of
breeding cycle and that for species with hard-tofind nest, this may be next best thing
• Specialized form of spot mapping
• Used for grasshopper, savannah, and vesper
sparrows in Maine
Indirect Method “Scoring” System
• Can score for entire breeding season or for individual
days
• Rankings
0 = no territorial male present
1 = territorial male present 4+ weeks
2 = territorial male & female present 4+ weeks
3 = pair found nest building, laying, incubating,
or giving distraction display
4 = adults carrying food to presumed nestlings
5 = evidence of fledgling success (1st brood)
6 = evidence of fledgling success in either
brood, plus evidence of success in other
7 = evidence of fledgling success in both broods
Indirect
method
--basically
spot
mapping
Indirect
Method
Evaluation of the Vickery Method
• Dickcissels -- too much brood parasitism in KS
Rivers, J.W., D.P.Althoff, P.S. Gipson, and J.S. Pontius. 2003.
Evaluation of a reproductive index to estimate dickcissel
reproductive success. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:137-144.
• Grasshopper Sparrows & E. Meadowlarks
shows promise for general trends in KS
Althoff, D.P., P.S. Gipson, J.S. Pontius, and R.D.Japuntich. 2009.
Evaluation of a index to estimate grasshopper sparrow and eastern
meadowlark reproductive success. Wildlife Biology in Practice
5(1):33-44.
Surveying -- Breeding Birds Only
• _______________ vs. _______________
• May get __________…may get ________ to
breeding bird abundance
• Greater the ____________ effort, more likely the
better estimates. Either more plots, more visits
to plots/points…or both
• Has been used for some species to estimate
_______________ produced
Standard Protocol
• ______________: 5-, 6-, or 10 minutes
• “_______” conditions: Beaufort wind scale <3,
little to no wind
• Typically start around sunrise to 10am, but some
evening survey for some species. Owls and
other nocturnal species would be conducted at
night
• Sometimes employee “______________”
approach
Point
count
example
Basic Utility of Data
• Monitor for many years…get __________
• Compare productivity/breeding activity by
___________ and/or _____________ type
• Compare productivity/breeding activity by
______________________.
Ex. Burning patches every 1, 2, or 3 years
Ex. Removing mesopredators vs. control
• Measure ________________________
(natural or anthropogenic)