Transcript Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method!

Term or
Concept
Meaning
Example
Biosphere
Everywhere life exists
Planet Earth
Biodiversity
Variety of life.
More biodiversity by the
equator because its
warmer!
Species
Group of organisms so
similar that they can breed
and produce fertile
offspring.
Homo sapiens
Orcinus orca
Tursiops truncatus
Biology
Organism
The study of all forms of life.
Bacteria -> Blue Whale
Individual living thing
YOU!!!!!
Cell
Basic unit of life.
Unicellular and
multicellular-> bacteria to
muscle cell.
Metabolism
Chemical process that
breaks down or builds up
materials.
Eat a burger = energy
Digestion= breaks down
food.
Term or
Concept
Meaning
Example
DNA
Genetic Material
Fingerprints
System
An organized group of
related parts that work
together to form a whole.
Body
Car
Ecosystem
Environment made up of
living= biotic and abiotic=
non-living things.
Abiotic= rocks, sand,
water, sun
Biotic= plants and animals
Homeostasis
Maintain constant internal
conditions.
Body temp.= 98.6 F
Evolution
Adaptation
Change over time
DNA, animal populations
An inherited trait that gives
an organism an
advantage and is passed
to future generations. Can
be physical or behavioral.
Webbed feet in ducks,
wings, sharp teeth,
whiskers, long beak,
stripes, aerodynamic
body.
Organisms
range in size.
They can be
microscopic
like bacteria!
Organism
can be
tiny like
the honey
pot ant!
Or HUGE /
largest
animal on
the planet
like the blue
whale!

They MUST have these 8 characteristics:
1. Made up of cells
2. Metabolism
3. DNA
4. Stimulus
5. Reproduction
6. Evolution
7. Homeostasis
8. Grow and develop
The basic unit of life
 Chemical factory
 Multicellular – many celled like us
 Unicellular- one celled such as bacteria
 Found in dead matter like a tree stump
 Can be microscopic or macroscopic
 Different cells have specialized functions. For
example- your muscle cells contract and
relax, while your stomach cells secrete
digestive juices.

Chemical process that builds up or breaks
down materials.
 Every cell needs energy and is either
obtained by eating food or from the sun.
 Energy= the ability to cause a change or to
do work.
 Where do you get energy from?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis in the form
of ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate, but first you must
EAT!

Chemosynthesis-> uses chemicals to make
food= hydrothermal vents
 All
organisms must react in order to
survive.
 Organisms react to light, temperature,
touch, sound. etc
What happens
when you touch a
hot stove? Do you
leave your hand
on there?
Genetic material
 Passed on through reproduction
 Fingerprint, blood, toe print, tissues
 Each organism has their own unique DNA

Change in living things over time.
 Fossil record
 Genetic comparisons of species
 Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene
helps some individuals of a species survive
and reproduce more successfully than
others. The ones that don’t adapt will die
off.

Goal= produce new individuals
 Pass DNA onto offspring
 Two types- sexual and asexual

Sexual- requires male and female parents
Asexual- requires only one parent (ex- sea star)
Single celled organisms take one cell and
divide it into two through binary fission,
regeneration or budding-> genetic DNA is
IDENTICAL to parent.
 Multicellular-> sexually through mitosis and
meiosis.

Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his
mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting
them out and taking them back in. This
allows them to remove debris, aerate the
eggs, and rotate eggs for proper
development.
 The male seahorse carries offspring
 Elephant gestation is 22 months
 Killer whale gestation is 16 months
 Human gestation is 10 months

 Maintaining
constant internal conditions in
an organism. Body temp. is 37 C or 98.6 F
 Important because cells function best
within a certain range of conditions.
Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, must be
controlled or it can be fatal.
 Maintained-> negative feedback loop=
change in a system causes a response that
tends to return that system back to its
original state.

Ex- The control of blood sugar (glucose)
by insulin is another good example of a
negative feedback mechanism. When
blood sugar rises, receptors in the body
sense a change . In turn, the control
center (pancreas) secretes insulin into
the blood effectively lowering blood
sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels
reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/ho
meostasis-positivenegative-feedbackmechanisms/
 How
does a polar bear live in the
arctic?
 How can people be outside below
freezing and still maintain a body
temp of 98.6 F / 37 C?
 Why do you shiver when you are
cold?
 Why do you sweat when it is hot?
Body grows and changes over time.
 Ex- infant-> toddler-> teenager-> adult
 Ex- puberty


Step 1- Observe the
polar bear.
 Step 2- What about the
structure of the polar
bears hair relates to
how it functions?
 Step 3- What other
observations can you
make about its
structure, function, and
homeostasis?
Step 2= Thickness=
insulation, hollow hair= traps air
Step 3= Fat deposits, skin is
black-> absorb heat, transparent
hair-> looks white because it
reflects visible light like snow
does.
The Scientific
Method!!!!
It’s not just a boring
process.
Term or concept
Meaning
Example
Observation
Using the senses to study
the world.
Darwin drew his
finches in a journal
before he made any
scientific gain.
Data
Information gathered.
Qualitative or quantitative
Qualitativedescriptions like
behaviors, smells, etc.
Quantitativenumbers- 50 whales
in a pod
Hypothesis
Proposed answer for a
scientific question.
See note example
Experiment
Study factors / variables to Independent,
find the cause / effect
dependent, or control
relationships
variables
Independent
Variable
The variable that is
manipulated or changed
by the experimenter.
Location of plants:
-window sill
-Table
-greenhouse
Dependent
Variable
Observed and measured
during an experiment =
the experimental data
-plant height
Constant
The conditions that stay
the same. They never
change.
Each plant is given a
1/4 cup of water
each day.
Theory
Explanation that is
supported by a wide
range of evidence
Theory of Evolution
-Number of leaves
A
series of steps used to set
up an experiment in order
to test a hypothesis or solve
a problem.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Make an observation
Ask a question / Research
Form a hypothesis
Experimentation
Collect data / Results
Analyze and Conclude
Repeat
 Using
your senses to study
the natural world.
 Can also use tools such as
previous biological research
and computers.
 Inference= logical
interpretation based on prior
knowledge.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The skin is red?
The apple is edible.
There are seeds inside.
It can make you healthy.
It feels smooth.

The white shark just jumped out of the
water.
Periodicals
 Research reports
 Trade magazines- science news
 Trade books
 Dictionaries
 Encyclopedias
 Indexes
 Handbooks


Do other sharks jump out of the water or
just white sharks?
 Not
an EDUCATED GUESS- in
science we don’t like to say that
we are “guessing.”
 Prediction based on prior
knowledge.
 Typically use the words If and
Then!
 If
five plants are placed in the
sunlight and five plants are
placed in the darkness for 10
hours per day for 10 days, then
the plant in the sunlight will grow
taller.
Try
to find the cause
and effect
relationship.
What you, the experimenter changes or
manipulates.
 Example- number of days in the sunlight,
location of the plants.

 The
variable that changes
because of the IV (results / data).
 Example- height of the plant
 Variables
that remain the same
 Example each plant receives 1
cup of water per day.
Qualitative=
descriptions
using your senses
Quantitative= Numbers
The orca breached out of the water.
_______________
 The ph remained neutral at 7.____________________
 100 C= _______________________
 Aurora borealis = ________________________
 Red Tide= __________________________
 35 ppt. =__________________________
 The otolith of the fish had 25 rings= _______________
 Dolphins are very social creatures. =_______________
 A pod of 56 whales. ______________

Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Quantitative
4. Qualitative
5. Qualitative
6. Quantitative
7. Quantitative
8. Qualitative
9. Quantitative
10. Qualitative
1.
Statistical
analysis
Use data tables and graphs
to represent data
collected.
 Explain
your results in detail.
 Describing your graphs and data
in words.
 Try
again, revamp your procedure
/ experiment.
Theory





A well supported
explanation.
Why something
happens
Explanation of Nature
Based on Evidence
Ex- Theory of Evolution
Law




What will happen
Predictable outcomes
Based on evidence
Example- Newton’s
Laws of Motion

Throughout the year we will be doing a
lot of graphing, reading data tables, etc.
This is a review of the types of results you
will be expected to do!
Y-axis
/ DV
X- axis / IV
 Analyze
the results and to provide
visual summaries

Contains the numerical results of an
experiment. Compiled before you make
a chart or graph.
Color of M&M in a bag
Frequency
Red
5
Green
2
Blue
4
Yellow
1
Brown
5

Shows a relationship between two
variables.

Compares quantitative / qualitative
data.
Show the frequency distribution of the
data.
 The bars touch!
 Ex- using the numbers make a data table
and histogram in your notes.

› 7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 36,
39, 43, 47
Data Range
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
Frequency
1
3
6
4
2
Another way to present a frequency
distribution.
 Represents actual data point
 Tens= “stem”
 Ones= “leaves”

Stem
Leaf
0
7
1
228
2
246789
3
1669
4
37
Shows data as proportions of a whole
 “pie chart”- percentages


IS- International System of Measurements
› Used worldwide
› Based on the metric system
› Common units:
 Length- Meters (m)
 Volume- Liter (L)
 Mass- Kilograms (kg)
 Temperature- Kelvin (K)






What we use in the
classroom- basic
Several lenses to increase
magnification
Uses glass lenses to focus on
a specimen.
Can be used on living or
preserved specimens
Can magnify objects up to
1500 times their actual size.
Specimens are often stained
with chemicals so that we
can see them.
stoma
Stereoscope
 Three dimensional image / view of the
specimen
 Essentially two compound microscopes
that are focused on the same thing.
 Low magnification so its hard to see
individual cells- used for larger cells.


Narrow beams of
electrons that scan
the surface of the
specimen
stoma
Internal and cannot be
used to view living things.
 Passes beams of electrons
through the specimen and
projects it onto a
computerized screen
where color is added.
 Produces the best image
because it magnifies the
object so much.

stoma






Nosepiece- holds the objective lenses
above the stage and rotates so that all the
lenses can be used.
Low Power Objective- magnifies an image
10X
Stage clip- holds the slide in place
Stage- supports the object being looked at.
Diaphragm- adjusts the amount of light
passing through the slide and into the lens.
Light source- lights up the specimen








Eyepiece- contains a lens that magnifies the
object 10X. You look through this to view the
specimen.
Body- separates the lens in the eyepiece from
the other lens.
Arm- supports the body and this is where you
hold it while supporting the base.
Scanning Objective- smallest lens and magnifies
4X
High Power Objective- largest lens and
magnifies 40X
Fine Adjustment- dial used to focus in on the
object when it’s on high power.
Coarse Adjustment- used to focus the image
when it’s on scanning or low power.
Base- supports the scope.

3 types- scanning, low, and high
Ocular lens is
always 10X
Magnification
Magnification
Total
Magnification
High
Power
40x
10x
400x
Low
Power
10x
10x
100x
Scanning
4x
10x
40x
The End!!!!!!!
Review Next Class
Test Class After
that!!!!!!!!!!!!