Transcript Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

Exploration & Colonization of
The Americas
I. The Spanish Caribbean
A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks
1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver
2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population
3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists.
B. The Encomienda system
1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settler
2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.
Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE
II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru)
1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier
and more complex than Caribbean societies.
B. Hernan Cortes
1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21
2. Internal strife and disease
allow Spanish to defeat
these groups.
3. Technology (steel swords,
muskets, cannons and
horses) gave Spanish the
advantage.
C. Francisco Pizarro
1. Conquers Incas 1532-33
II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)
Europeans
Technological advancements
enslavement &
subjugation
III. Iberian Empires in the Americas
A. Treaty of Tordesillas
1. Divides South America between
Spanish and Portuguese rule.
B. The Spanish formalize their rule
1. New Spain & New Castile each governed by viceroys
2. audiencias are set up to check
the power of the viceroys
3. urban centers develop as a
result of Spanish rule
C. Portuguese establish imperial
presence in Brazil.
IV. Colonization of North America
A. France & England
1. Colonization on east coast,
exploration of west coast
2. Migration patterns show more
family based settlement.(laws
prevented miscegenation)
3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes 
early 17th century
4. Suffered from isolation & food
shortages
Jamestown Colony 1607
Colonization Venn Charts
Spanish & Portuguese
Colonization
Male-based migration with
strictly econ. motives.
Both
Groups
Both seeking
opportunities
French and English
Colonization
Family-based migration with
resettlement focus.
Royal sponsorship with use of
viceroys
Royal oversight with private
investment
Mingled with the natives to
create a more intricate
hierarchy.
Maintain separation of
cultures.
Used indigenous population as Both utilized
a labor source (encomineda,
African slave
engenho, mita)
labor
Indentured servants
Mining of gold and silver
Profited from the fur trade,
tobacco, and fishing
Both cultivated
cash crops
Spanish & Portuguese
Colonization
Both
Groups
French and English
Colonization
Migration dominated by males
Migration more family-based
Caribbean, S. & N. America
North America
Used as a source of labor
(encomienda, mita, engenho)
Reliance on the As a means of survival, trade
indigenous pop.
and eventually
the African
slave trade
Royal sponsorship and use of
viceroys
Royal oversight with private
investment
Imposition of power through
force.
Resettlement was more of a
focus.
Missionary efforts were more
successful
Missionary efforts were less
successful
Integration of groups was
common
More segregated (us & them)
mining
agriculture
Fur trade, fishing
IV. Colonization of North America (continued)
Colonial Justice
B. Relations with indigenous
people
1. Settlers interrupt
migrations of indigenous
peoples.
2. Lands seized & justified
with treaties
3. Natives raided farms &
villages – lead to reprisals
by settlers.
4. 1500 - 1800, native
pop. decreases by 90%
Colonization of North America
Colonial Society: S. America
Formation of multicultural societies
 People of varied ancestry lived together
under European rule
 Social hierarchy Iberian colonies:
 Whites (peninsulares & creoles)
 Mixed (mestizos & zambos)
 Africans & natives = bottom
 mestizo societies emerge
 Brazil more mixed:
 mestizos, mulattoes, zambos
Colonial Society: No. America
 Greater gender balance among
settlers
 Allowed marriage within own
groups
 Relations with French traders &
native women métis (Euro +
native)
 English frowned on interracial
marriages
 Cultural borrowing: plants, crops,
deerskin clothes
Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining
 Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealth
 Two major sites of silver mining:
Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)
 Global significance of silver
 20% of silver went to royal treasury
(the quinto)
 Funded military & bureaucracy
 Went to European, then to Asian
markets for luxury goods
Potosi Silver Mine
Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture
 Haciendas  basis of Spanish Am.
production
Produced foodstuffs for local use
Encomienda  repartimiento
Encomienda system seen as abusive
Repartimiento replaces conscript &
slave with contract labor
free laborers by mid-17th century
 Native Resistance
Rebellion, indolence, retreat
Difficult to register complaints
Portuguese Colonial Economy
 Sugar and slavery in Brazil
 Dependent on sugar production
 Brazilian life revolved around the
sugar mill, or engenho
 Combined agricultural & industrial
enterprises
 Sugar planters landed nobility
Brazilian Sugar Plantation
Portuguese Colonial Economy
 Growth of slavery in Brazil
 Natives were not cultivators resisted
farm labor
 Disease  indigenous pop.
 Imported African slaves for cane &
sugar production after 1530
 deaths  births  demand for
slaves
 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life
Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane
North Am. Colonial Economy
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Fur Traders
Fur traders
 Fur trade extremely profitable
 Natives trapped for & traded with
Europeans
Impact of fur trade
 Environmental conflicts among
natives competing for resources
North Am. Colonial Economy
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Tobacco Plantation
European settlers threatened natives
Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, &
cotton
Indentured labor in 17th & 18th
centuries
Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century
New England merchants participated in
slave trade, distillation of rum
Colonial Religion: Christianity
 Spanish missionaries
 Est. mission schools & churches
 Some record native languages
& traditions
 Attracted many proselytes
 French & English missionaries
 English not interested in
native conversion
 French moderate success
Indians @ Mission Ventura
Comparative Thesis
From 1450-1750, the settlement of
Latin America was established through
royal Patronage known as vice royalties
while North America was a
combination of royal patronage and
private investment ( Virginia company),
both brought Christianity with them (
although little attempt at conversion
was done in North America) and ideas
of constitutionalism ( establishment of
representative legislative bodies) while
all political entities in Latin America
was controlled by both the Absolute
monarch and Roman Catholic Church
•
From 1450-1750 the colonization
of both North and Latin American
purpose was for the exploitation of
land, labor and capital known as
capitalism, both became regions for
European migrants, however,
mostly male Iberians settled and
mixed amongst African and Native
populations (miscegenation) whilst
the family colonist settlers
developed laws to isolate African (
lower populations than Latin
American sugar plantations) and
Natives.
The Pacific: Australia
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Penal Colony: Australia
British captain James Cook explored
east Australia in 1770
1788, England est. 1st settlement in
Australia as a penal colony
 Free settlers outnumbered
convicted criminal migrants after
1830s
The Pacific Islands
 Spanish voyages after Magellan
 Acapulco to Manila
 Indigenous Chamorro resisted
decimated by smallpox
 Impact:
 Occasional skirmishes
 Whalers regularly visited after
18th century
 Missionaries, merchants, and
planters follow
Chamorro Church Villiage
Politics within the Iberian Empires
Colonial American society
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European-style society in cities
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indigenous culture persisted in
rural areas
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More exploitation than settlement
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Still, many Iberians settled btw.
1500-1800
Colonization—Spanish Style