Transcript Migration
Migration CHAPTER 3 Migration Geographers study from to where they migrate where people migrate and They also study why they migrate Migration- a permanent move to a new location Type of relocation diffusion (spread of a characteristic through the bodily movement of people) continued Emigration- migration from a location Immigration- migration to a location Net migration- the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants If the number of immigrants is higher, net migration is positive—known as net in-migration If the number of emigrants is higher, net migration is negative– net out-migration Why Do People Migrate? E. G. Ravenstein wrote 11 “laws” of migration in 19th century Serves as basis for modern migration study “laws” concerned three areas of study A] Why migrants move B] The distance they typically move C] The characteristics of migrants Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after Ravenstein's proposals during the time frame of 1834 to 1913. The laws are as follows: Most migrants only go a short distance at one time. Long distance migrations are for those who come from large cities. Most migration is from rural areas to urban areas. Most international migrants consist of young males between the ages of 20 and 45. Most migrations proceed in step-by-step processes. Each migration flow produces at least one counterflow. Females remain more migratory than the males within their country. Migration increases in volume as industries develop and transportation improves. Major causes of migration are for economic reasons. Reasons for Migrating Push factor- induces people to move out of their current location Pull factor- induces people to move into a new location Both factors usually play a role 3 major kinds of push and pull factors 1. Economic 2. Cultural 3. Environmental Lee’s Push Pull Theory Economic Push and Pull Factors Most common reason for migrating Move to places that seem to have opportunity and out of places that have very little US and Canada historically have had many immigrants come for opportunity Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change Cultural Push and Pull Factors Forced international migration is a cultural push factor– examples are slavery and political instability Ethnic segregation and wars cause people to migrate Refugees- people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of prosecution due to their race, religion, nationality, or political opinion continued Refugees have no home unless another country agrees to take them in 2 largest refugee groups are Palestinians and Afghans Palestinians left Israel after it was created in 1948 or after it expanded in 1967 2 largest groups of internal refugees are the Sudanese (civil war) and the Columbians (drug lords and guerrillas) Political conditions can also be a pull factor Lure of freedom Environmental Push and Pull Factors Pushed out of hazardous regions– pulled into attractive ones Attractive areas would include: mountains, beach, and warm climates Too little or too much water is a major push factor Drought and floodplains An area subject to flooding during a specific number of years Intervening Obstacles Definition environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration Historically, primarily environmental Hard to travel across inhospitable environments Ocean, mountains, desert Modern transportation has made this much easier Government and politics are obstacles today Need passports to cross borders Distance of Migration Ravenstein said: most migrants only move a short distance and remain within the same country Long-distance migrants to other countries head major economic centers 2 types of internal migration 1. Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another 2. Intraregional migration- movement within one region Historically, interregional migration has been mostly rural to urban (but now environmentally attractive rural areas are becoming popular) Intraregional is usually within urban areas – city to suburbs Internal Migration Definition.- permanent movement within the same country Adheres to the idea of distance decay The farther away a place is located, the less likely people will migrate there Explains why there are more internal migrants than international migrants Easier because there is less culture shock International Migration Definition.- permanent movement from one country to another 2 types 1. Voluntary migration- migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement 2. Forced migration- migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Definition.- change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, pop. growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition International migration is primarily a function of stage 2 (people leave to go to stage 3 or 4 countries) Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4 (cities to suburbs) Characteristics of Migrants Historically, males were more likely than females to migrant internationally Because men worked more than women and left to find job opportunities Since the 1990s, female migrants are on the rise (about ½ in the US) Most long distance migrants are young adults seeking work –not children or elderly 40% of US immigrants are between 25 and 39 (that demographic is only 23% of entire US population.) Only 5% of immigrants are over 65 16% are under 15 – this number is on the rise Global Migration Patterns Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net-out migration North America, Europe, and Oceania have net-in migration 3 biggest migration flows are form Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, Latin America to North America Reflects MDCs the importance of migration from LDCs to People pay want the prospect of better jobs and higher US has more than 35 million people born in other countries More ¼ than half from Latin America from Asia 12% of US population are immigrants We have more immigrants than anybody But, 1/6 ¼ of Australian pop are immigrants of Canadian ½ the population of the Middle East are immigrants United Arab Emirates – 74%, Kuwait- 68% People from poorer areas of Middle East migrate to get jobs in Oil exporting industry continued