Transcript Document
Juli Hulme & Cho, Yoon Seung International politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. - Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations Tree of Realism Offensive Realism Defensiv e Realism Structural Realism (1979 ~ Now) Neo-Classical Realism Classical Realism (B.C 430~1979) Statism Survival Self Help Basic beliefs of Realism ○ The state is the principal actor in international relations ○ The environment that states inhabit is a dangerous place ○ Raison d'état (reason of state) - The state must pursue power - Statesperson must consider the most appropriate steps to perpetuate the life of the state ○ The state is the main actor and sovereignty (주권, 主权) is its distinguishing trait. ○ Statism is the idea of the state as the legitimate representative of the collective will of the people. ○ Domestic politics : hierarchical structure ○ International politics : anarchy, politics as a struggle for power ○ All states wish to perpetuate their existence (survival : core natural interest of states ) - Survival is a precondition for all other goals - Defensive (security maximizer, status quo power) vs. Offensive (power maximizer, hegemonic position) Each state is responsible for own survival via military and balance of power Security can only be realized through self-help Balance of power ○ Why international politics become necessarily power politics? ☞ “Law of Nature” ○ The drive for power and the will to dominate ☞ basic characteristics of human nature ○ State acts as “self-seeking egoist” ☞ Thucydides & Morgenthau: Power seeking behavior of states is reflection of biological drive of human beings ○ Struggle for belonging, often violent ○ Why international politics become necessarily power politics? ☞ Security competition and inter-state conflicts because of lack of overarching authority ○ Waltz’s structure of the international system - Organizing Principle: anarchy (outside) and hierarchy (inside) - Differentiation of Units : functionally similar sovereign states - Distribution of Capabilities : Distribution of power influences outcomes ○ Defensive realism - States are security maximizers, Status quo power (Waltz) ○ Offensive realism - States are power maximizers, Hegemonic position (Mearsheimer) ○ Distribution of power is important BUT… Perceptions of state leaders, state-society relationships, and state identity are also important ○ States cannot be treated as ‘like units’. Really Globalized ??? It is not clear the economic interdependence has made war less likely. The state continues to be the dominant unit in world politics Globalization should not be seen as a process disconnected from the distribution of power in the international system Reason can deliver freedom and justice in international relations. -Immanuel Kant All citizens are lawfully equal and possess rights to education, free press, and religious toleration. The authority of the legis lative assembly is depen dent on the people. The Possibility of Progress Citizens have the right to own private property The economy is marketdriven with little interference. Democratic Peace Free Trade Liberal Internationalism 1.0 2.0 3.0 International Organization SelfDetermination Academic Enquiry Transnational Cooperation Planning & Negotiation The Age of Enlightenment (1650s-1780s) Kant’s Plan for Perpetual Peace + Force decided by citizens + Pacific federation + Cosmopolitan rights Limitations - Frequency of conflict - More to lose - Friendly! Wisdom is organized life. Trade = Mutual Gains - Hegemonic states = greatest benefactors of free trade - Leads to dominance and subservience among disparate actors - Harmony of interests? + Peace could be secured though international organization! +/- The League of Nations & Collective Security - The League of Nations failed at preventing WW2. Woodrow Wilson + + - • Equal rights and fair equality of opportunity • The right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference • Practical and moral problems: State allegiance? Rejection of liberalist norms? What constitutes a state? + Ramification = Cooperation + World Politics= Web - Less interdependence ○ Neo-realist : anarchic international structure, centrality of states, rational approach to scientific enquiry ○ International regimes : tame anarchy via cooperation, reinforcing reciprocity, and enforcing norms ○ Actors will cooperate if gains are mutual and even ○ Neoliberalists vs. Democratic Peace Liberalists: ☞ Academic Enquiry and planning and negotiation 1.0= Interwar period, failed attem pt to replace balance of power or der with rule of law. 2.0= Post 1945, American led int ernational order 3.0= Move away from sovereignty -based order and towards global institutions as new world leaders Activist Conception + Toleration + Stronger international institutions + Non-intervention Pragmatic Conception + Interventionist foreign policies Realist Liberalist How should liberal states interact with illiberal states? (U.S.A vs. N.K) Is it possible for overarching international institutions to have more power than singular states? Is the preservation of liberalism based on the idealist view of a reformed, peaceful world or a strategy to protect the dominance of the Western world? In terms of the realist motivation of survival, are North Korea’s actions acceptable? If the sovereign state has the highest power, how can we explain the increasing power of international institutes such as the WTO? Globalization is merely a phenomena of liberalizing conservative states in the image of Western values (capitalism, consumerism, individualism)