Transcript Document
The Institutional Order Societal goals External Sovereignty Internal Supremacy Hierarchy Legitimacy Polity Law Kinship Economy Religion Education NOTE: This is NOT a causal model. Countries bombed by the U.S. after World War II China: 1945 – 46 Cambodia: 1969 – 70 Korea: 1950 – 53 Laos: 1964 – 73 China: 1950 – 53 Grenada: 1983 Guatemala: 1954 Libya: 1986 Indonesia: 1958 El Salvador: 1980s Cuba: 1959 – 60 Nicaragua: 1980s Guatemala: 1960 Panama: 1989 Vietnam: 1961 – 73 Iraq: 1991 – ? Congo: 1964 Sudan: 1998 Peru: 1965 Yugoslavia: 1999 Guatemala: 1967 – 69 Afghanistan: 1998, 2002 – ? Polity Any society’s polity is a complex hierarchy of leadership that utilizes power to enforce decisions made by those at the top of that hierarchy. Legitimacy is achieved through four bases of power*. *The Four Bases of Power 1. Symbolic: appeals to ideology, patriotism, racism, etc. 2. Coercive: direct force, police and military 3. Administrative: legitimacy via bureaucratic process 4. Material: subsidies, citations, bribes, tax breaks Elements of Religion Beliefs about supernatural forces and pantheons (narratives about protagonists in realms having supernatural qualities). Highly formulated and articulated values. Rituals affirming socially constructed realities. Cult Structures: homogeneity. communities based on religious The Evolution of Institutions Hunting & gathering Horticultural Pastoralist Agrarian Industrial Post-Industrial World-economy States/Empires Classical Chiefdoms Archaic Bands/Tribes Primal Modern Types of Religious Structures Cults: Small, innovative, radical, high tension, anti-status quo Sects: Smaller, newer, more tension, integrative Denominations: Larger, less flexible, less tension Kierkes/Ecclesia: Large, stable, inflexible, low tension, pro-status quo Size Tension Secularization Functions of Religion 1. Religious beliefs alleviate the anxiety and emotional complexity that results from experiences that call to mind mortality. 2. Religious rituals reinforce norms critical to the perpetuation of traditional authority. 3. Rituals also can be vehicles of social change, although these usually only take place in cults and sects. Trends in Religion Potential conflict between religious and secular leaders. Religious organizations find themselves in competition with each other as well as with science, consequently engaging in secular activities (car washes, bake sales, use of secular language & music, etc.) Lure of power keeps religion bound to polity & law. Media revolutionizes missionary industry. Civic Religion (Faith in the State) Priestly classes create the first religious hierarchies, creating conditions for secular thought, which leads to military superiority. Secularization decreases the amount of social functions of archaic (Aztec, Græco-Roman, Egyptian, Mayan, Norse) and classical religions (Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, Islam), giving them a lesser role in economic, military, and legal affairs. Civic religion (or secular humanism) prevents pre-industrial ideologies from interfering in the political agendas of contemporary states. China, the US, France, Cuba, Russia, Angola, and the Netherlands are almost entirely secular states. Bhutan, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, the Vatican, and Armenia are not.