Cold War U.S. History Chapter 18

United States vs. Soviet Union

• • • • United States: Democracy Private citizens control economic activity People elect government official with political parties – offers a CHOICE • • • • Soviet Union: State-controlled property and economic activity Totalitarian – NO CHOICE Upset over no 2 nd Front, secret atomic bomb

United Nations

• • • • 50 nations Promote peace San Francisco meeting Competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union

Potsdam Conference

• • • • • July 1945 – U.S., GB, S.U. Final war-time conference Clear Stalin NOT allowing free elections in Poland like he promised at Yalta Showed U.S./S.U. at big odds So..

– Truman fought against large reparations from Germany

Satellite Nations

• • Page 605 Countries dominated by the Soviet Union – communist governments established

Containment **

• • Taking measures to prevent communism from spreading to other countries – “containing” it where it exists George Kennan

“Iron Curtain”

• • Winston Churchill Refers to the division between democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe

The Cold War

• • Conflict between the U.S. and the S.U. that does not take place on a battlefield 1945 – 1991 (when S.U. breaks up)

Truman Doctrine

• • Greece and Turkey – civil wars – communists vs. pro-western governments. Fall of either opens up Western Europe and Asia to Soviet influence Truman Doctrine - $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.

– Why? U.S. must support free people everywhere from outside pressure

Marshall Plan

• • • • • Western Europe torn up!

Sec. of State George Marshall – give aid to European nations that need it 16 nations - $13 billion over 4 years Promoted democracy Our industries/banks profited

German reunification

• • • • • • 4 zones – GR, FR, US combine their areas – Democratic Western Berlin – cut off by S.U.

Berlin Airlift – 327 days – U.S. airlifts food, supplies Increased our prestige Protected flights with threat of bomb!

Germany – Western part – The Federal Republic of Germany. Eastern part – German Democratic Republic

NATO

• • • • •

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

12 nations Defensive military alliance **1 st peacetime alliance for the U.S.

**end of isolationism

China

• • • National government led by Chiang Kai-shek, supported by the U.S. Sent $3 billion to help fight communist take over. He had no public support though.

Mao Zedong – Communist leader – won people’s support, defeated Kai-shek, est. the People’s Republic of China

Korea

• • •

38 th

parallel – North – Soviet, South – American controlled KNOW MAP PAGE 613 General Douglas MacArthur – commander of troops – Wanted to invade China, Truman rejected idea, MacArthur spoke out against Truman, fired

The Cold War at Home

Executive Order 9835

• • • Called for loyalty boards for government employees.

91 organizations labeled “subversive” – watched members 3.2 million investigated, not allowed to see evidence against them

HUAC

• • House Un-American Activities Committee – investigated communism in the movie industry “Hollywood 10” – 10 screen writers, producers, directors – associated with communism

McCarran Act

• • Against the law to establish a totalitarian government in the U.S. Required Communist organizations to register with the government

Alger Hiss

• • Accused of being a Soviet spy Guilty, prison

Rosenberg’s

• • • • Sept. 1949 – Soviets exploded an atomic bomb. How so fast???

Jan. 1950 – Truman orders creation of hydrogen bomb – finished in ‘52. Soviets do the same 9 months later Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – accused of leaking atomic secrets to the Soviets Guilty, put to death in electric chair

McCarthyism

• • • Joseph McCarthy – Rep Senator – accused government employees of being members of Communist party (205 names) Later charged the Army of being filled with communists – put on trial – TV – Lost a lot of support McCarthyism – public charges of disloyalty in the government without evidence

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• • 1952 election 1956 election

John Foster Dulles

• • • • Secretary of State “Massive Retaliation” – use ALL force to stop communism “Brinkmanship” – going to the brink of war with S.U. to keep peace – relies on nuclear weapons Fear of nuclear war comes home – air raid procedures, fall-out shelters

CIA

• • • Central Intelligence Agency – spies, information. Secret operations to weaken/overthrow unfriendly governments PAGE 623 - 624

Warsaw Pact

• • • 1953 – Stalin dies Nikita Khrushchev took over – “Peaceful Co existence” Warsaw Pact – S.U. and 7 Eastern European countries

“Spirit of Geneva”

• Meeting between Eisenhower/Khrushchev. Wanted “open skies” – does not get, but does get an agreement to stop nuclear testing

Eisenhower Doctrine

• • U.S. would defend any Middle Eastern nation against any Communist nation Hungarian Revolt – Hungary revolted against S.U., denounced Warsaw Pact. Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 killed. 200,000 fled.

– U.S. did nothing, UN did nothing – it was a satellite nation

The Space Race

• • • • • Sputnik – artificial satellite launched by Soviets Increase in education – science and math CIA – making secret flights over Soviet territory taking photos May 1, 1960 – U-2 plane shot down, evidence of spying shown to world – We agree to stop spying Caused the ‘60s to begin with tension!!!

Kennedy and the Cold War Chapter 20

1960 Election

• • • • Republican – Richard Nixon Democrat – John F. Kennedy Things that cost Republicans – Sputnik, long range missiles, U-2 spy plane, Cuba and Soviet Union TV and Civil Rights turned the election: – TV – 4 debates where JFK looked more “polished” than Nixon – Civil Rights – MLK arrested in Atlanta. Eisenhower did nothing, Kennedy got him out of jail

• Kennedy wins by small margin – just over 100,000 popular votes

A New Military Policy

• • Flexible Response – less reliance on nuclear weapons, increase spending on conventional arms and mobile military Created the Green Berets

Cuba

• • • • • • 1959 – Fidel Castro came to power Nationalized American-owned businesses/property Eisenhower cut off trade Castro turned to Soviet Union Est. a communist Totalitarian government Eisenhower – train anticommunist Cuban exiles to retake Cuba

Bay of Pigs

• • • • April 17, 1961 – 1,300 to 1,500 Cubans exiles trained by the CIA landed at Bay of Pigs Nothing went as planned, trapped by Cubans backed with Soviet tanks Forced to surrender Made us look BAD

Cuban Missile Crisis

• • • Oct. 1962 – spy photos show Soviet missile bases in Cuba, some with missiles ready to launch Page 675 Oct. 22 – “any attack from Cuba would trigger an all out attack on the Soviet Union”

• • • For 6 days – Soviet ships heading toward Cuba, naval blockade around Cuba, 100,000 troops sent to Florida “Eyeball to eyeball” S.U. backed down

• • • • • Khrushchev – removed missiles from Cuba Kennedy – will not attack Cuba, removed missiles from Turkey Both sides criticized Hot line established Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – end testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

Berlin Wall

• • • • • U.S. troops still in Berlin People still escaping from east to west Khru – ordered us to leave, JFK – no.

August 1961 – Berlin wall built Symbol of the Cold War

The Vietnam War Years U.S. History Chapter 22

Moving Toward Conflict

• • • • • French controlled Vietnam until WWII Ho Chi Minh – leader of Vietnamese Communist Party Japan took over Vietnam Ho Chi Minh returned and helped from the – determined to gain independence Vietminh Japanese left after WWII, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam an independent nation

• • • • French send troops, gain control of Southern half 1950 – U.S. sends nearly $15 million in economic aid to France Domino Theory – Eisenhower – if one nation falls to communism they all will fall (just like dominos) French surrendered May 1954

• Geneva Accords – temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17 th parallel – Communist north, nationalists south. Election to unify the country would be held in 1956

The United States Steps In

• • • • Ho Chi Minh – North Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem – South Vietnam – strong anticommunist Diem refused to take part in the elections Vietcong – Communist opposition group in the South – began attacking Diem’s government

Kennedy and Vietnam

• • • • • • Increased financial aid to Diem Sent military advisors to train South Vietnamese troops (16,000 by 1963) Diem becoming unpopular Corruption Moved villagers from their homes Attacked Buddhism

• • Diem had to go Nov. 1, 1963 – U.S. supported military coup overthrew Diem, Diem killed.

Johnson Expands the Conflict

• • • • • • Unstable leadership in South Vietnam Aug. 2, 1964 – U.S. destroyer fired on by North Vietnamese Johnson called for bombing strikes on N.V.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution – granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder – sustained bombing of North Vietnam Troops began arriving

U.S. Involvement and Escalation

• • • • More and more troops sent – containing communism. By end of 1965 – 180,000 troops, 1967 – 500,000 Vietcong – hit and run tactics, attacked in cities and countryside Tunnel system Land mines, traps, heat, leeches

• • • • • U.S. – wear down the Vietcong (receiving supplies from China and S.U.). Vietcong remained defiant U.S. needed to get support of South Vietnamese.

Napalm (set fire to jungle) and Agent Orange (toxic chemical) – often injured civilians and destroyed villages Search-and-destroy missions Low troop morale

Early War at Home

• • • Great Society suffered, tax increase “living room war” Young Americans resisting draft

Roots of Opposition

• • • • New Left – growing youth movement SDS – Students for a Democratic Society – more power to the people, individual freedom College campuses – “teach ins” Why oppose? Vietnam was a CIVIL war, no need for us to be there, South Vietnamese leaders no better than Communist leaders, and morally unjust

• • • • Central Park demonstration – half a million protesters – “Burn cards, not people,” and “Hell no, we wont go.” Oct. 1967 – march in Washington Doves – believed the U.S. should withdraw Hawks – do whatever to win the war

1968

• • • Tet Offensive – stopped by U.S.

Tet – our New Year’s Eve. Villagers were celebrating. That night , Vietcong launched an attack on 100 towns in South Vietnam and the U.S. embassy in Saigon. Continued for a month until Vietcong lost 32,000 soldiers Greatly upset the American public – open criticism

• • • • Robert Kennedy assassinated MLK assassinated – riots College campus riots/demonstrations (200) Riots/demonstrations during Democratic Convention

Richard Nixon

• • • Wins 1968 election 1969 – Nixon announced troop withdrawals Vietnamization – called for gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops, let South Vietnam take more control – Henry Kissinger – Security Advisor

Trouble Continues …

• • My Lai – massacre of innocent civilians in South Vietnam by troops Cambodia – U.S. invaded Cambodia to clear it of Vietcong and North Vietnamese

• • Kent State – National Guard fired on demonstrators, killed 4 Jackson State – same, 2 killed

America’s Longest War Ends

• • • • • March 1972 – heaviest bombing of North Vietnam Dec. ’72 – “Christmas bombings” – 100,000 bombs/11 days Mar. ’73 – last American troops left Vietnam North still attacked South April ’75 – South surrendered to North