MODULE 5: EXAM PRACTICE

5.01 It’s Manifest Destiny!

Manifest Destiny

- Belief that the United States had a God-given right to extend it’s borders from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Motivation for moving out west included:

 Land was cheap and available  Homestead Act of 1862, settlers could get/own free land if they lived and  farmed there. Gold was discovered in California in 1849.

Monroe Doctrine – Warned European countries not to colonize in the Western Hemisphere.

THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT wrote a document that told Europe to stop trying to colonize in the Western Hemisphere. It was called the___________ [5.01] A. Adams-Onís Treaty B. Border Compromise C. Manifest Destiny D. Monroe Doctrine

IF YOU SAID D, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Adams Onís Treaty

of 1819 - Spain ceded East and West Florida to the United States.

5.02 A Native Dilemma

Indian Removal Act

:

Law passed by Congress in 1803. Required all Native American tribes still living east of the Mississippi to move to “Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

Mississippi R.

Indian Territory

Cherokee Indians in Georgia

 Cherokee used the

legal system

to fight and not have to move west.

 Supreme Court ruled in favor of Georgia in

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

 Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees in

Worchester v. Georgia –

recognized the Cherokee as an independent nation. The Court rule the Indian Removal Act as unconstitutional.



Treaty Party,

group of unhappy Cherokee in Georgia, signs a treaty with the U.S. saying the tribe will move west for free land and $5 million.



John Ross

, a leader of the Cherokee who did not want to move was upset with the treaty. 17,000 Cherokees that were against the move and argued that the leaders who signed the treaty did not represent the majority of the Cherokee.  Senate ignored the petition and Jackson had military force move the Cherokee –

Trail of Tears

.

Trail of Tears – Cherokee moved to modern day Oklahoma

 Finding food and supplies for people and livestock became a major problem around the camps on the way to Indian Territory.  Many people died along the way from disease, starvation, and exposure.  Indian Territory they faced many challenges  They were unfamiliar with many of the diseases and died as a result.  Tribes also fought over hunting ground boundaries.

5.03 Keep the Peace

As the country expands west, the expansion of slavery was an issue. Lawmakers made compromises to keep the peace. One important way to keep the peace was to balance the representation in Congress between states that were pro-slavery and states that were anti-slavery.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

: Maintained the balance of free & slave states.

 Missouri permitted to come into the as a slaveholding state.

 Maine joined the Union as a free state.  Missouri’s southern border, the line of latitude at 36 degrees 30 minutes north, would serve as the northernmost limit for slavery. Territory above line was free, below was slave.

What was the goal of the Missouri Compromise?

A. to create a slave state and a non-slave state B. to create a free state where fugitive slaves could live C. to establish a line between slave and non-slave states D. to settle a disagreement between Missouri and Arkansas Lesson 5.03

IF YOU SAID A, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Compromise of 1850

:  California joined the United States as a free state.

 Texas joined the Union as a slaveholding state after being reimbursed for their claims on western lands.

 Popular sovereignty would be used in Utah and New Mexico to decide the issue of slavery.  Slave auctions in Washington, D.C. were ended.

 The Fugitive Slave Act required all Americans to help return runaway slaves.

Fugitive Slave Act

:  People caught helping runaway slaves could be jailed for six months or face a large fine.

 Rewards were given to people who helped catch runaway slaves.

 The Fugitive Slave Act outraged abolitionists (people against slavery).

Kansas-Nebraska Act

:  Opened the land to white settlement and raised money to pay for a railroad across the country.

 “Popular sovereignty” was used to determine the question of slavery.

 The Missouri Compromise was nullified (Kansas and Nebraska are north of the line drawn by the Missouri Compromise).

 Settlers both for and against slavery poured into the area, with dramatic consequences.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

:  The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property.

 The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens so Dred Scott could not bring a case to court.  The Supreme Court ruled U.S. citizens could bring property wherever they chose, even if that property was an enslaved person.  The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not ban slavery in the territories.

Which answer best summarizes the Supreme Court case of Dred Scott, and how it affected the debate about slavery? [5.03] A. Dred Scott was a slave owner who learned his slave was living as a free man in a northern state. He argued that the slave should be returned to him to continue working on his plantation. He won his case which caused a revolt between citizens in the North and South.

B. Dred Scott was a slave who argued that because his owner brought him into a free area, he should be free. The Supreme Court ruled he was "property," and citizens could bring property wherever they chose. This decision enraged anti-slavery activists.

C. John Brown was a white abolitionist who murdered a group of pro-slavery men. He was tried in court in a southern state and found guilty. Citizens in northern states argued for his release, and the resulting battles between the states led to "Bleeding Kansas.“ D. Anthony Burns was a slave arrested in Boston and forced to board a ship back to his owner in Virginia. Boston citizens purchased his freedom in a northern court, and he was allowed to remain in Boston as a free citizen. This decision enraged slave owners in the South.

IF YOU SAID B, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Nat Turners Rebellion

:  In 1831, Nat Turner, a Virginian slave, led a group of men in revolt against slavery in Virginia.  They murdered their white owners and families, 55 people in all.

 Turner confessed to the crimes and detailed the night’s events. He noted that he had a better living than most slaves did because of his intellect.  He believed that fighting against slavery, even with violence, was his God-given purpose in life.  Turner died by hanging for his role in the revolt.

Bleeding Kansas

:  John Brown, a white abolitionist, fought slavery with violence.

 Citizens of Kansas voted to allow slavery. Those against it set up a new capital.  They said the vote was a fraud. Violence broke out in the territory.  John Brown and his followers murdered five pro-slavery men.  This set off a chain of violent events, known as Bleeding Kansas, leading to 200 deaths.

Harpers Ferry

 1859, John Brown led 21 men in a takeover of a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry.  U.S. Marines captured him, and a federal court found him guilty of treason, murder, and conspiracy.  Like Nat Turner, Brown was hanged to death.

5.04 New Land!

Why Go West?

   Land was cheap and available Homestead Act of 1862, settlers could get/own free land if they lived and farmed there. Gold was discovered in California in 1849.

How to get there?

 The Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail

5.04 New Land!

What life was like out west

 Lack of support from doctors, schools, and churches in the early days of pioneer life, settlers were extremely self-reliant, or independent.

 Husbands could be far away for long periods trading, hunting, fishing, or planting. So, women had to be able to protect themselves and their children.

 They hunted. They traded with nearby Native Americans. They faced hostility (intense anger or attack) from Native Americans who saw the settlers as a threat.    They suffered harsh weather, theft, and starvation.

Settlers treated their own illnesses.

 Death was a regular part of pioneer life.

Who they will meet out west – a cultural cross road

 American, African American, Asian, European, Mexican, and Native American cultures.

 Mexicans were wealthy and given large land areas when Mexico won independence from Spain. Most were ranchers and farmers.  Chinese immigrants were attracted to California because of the gold. Anti-Chinese feelings in California would later lead to a ban on Chinese immigration. Chinese immigrants were seen as taking jobs that could go to American citizens.

 Many African Americans came as slaves. African Americans who came freely faced great problems protecting their rights and land claims.

 Native Americans shared none of the wealth of the Gold Rush. In California, an 1850 law forced them to be the servants of landowners. They could escape this fate by converting to Christianity and maintaining property,

The _______ provided settlers 160 acres of land if they agreed to move west to live and farm on the land for 5 years, it was the [5.04] A. Gold Rush Act of 1863 B. Homestead Act of 1862 C. Monroe Doctrine D. Oregon Territory Treaty

IF YOU SAID B, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

5.05 Train’s Leavin’!

Improvements in transportation helped speed up westward expansion.

Oceans and rivers were the first highways of the United States most Americans lived within 50 miles of the East Coast. Developments in roads, canals, and railroads helped connect people around the country.

Impact of improvements in transportation

Traveling became faster during the 1800s. Travelers from the East Coast could reach California in weeks rather than months.

Canals and railroads lessened the cost of moving goods. Prices fell on goods across the country due to lower shipping costs. Settlers took advantage of cheap land along the railroad, encouraging further settlement in the West. New cities were built along canal and railroad routes.

Canals, roads, and railroads strengthened national ties, especially between the North and West.

How did the construction of canals and railroad networks affect the domestic economy during the 1800’s ? [5.05] A. These new forms of transportation boosted the economy by reducing the cost of moving goods across the country due to lower shipping costs.

B. Canals and railroads introduced a temporary setback to the economy during that time due to the high costs of constructing these new forms of transportation because no one had boats.

C. The introduction of canals and railroads initially upset the national economy but quickly reversed the problem by increasing the amount of trade between countries.

D. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1825, it took several years for the economy to stabilize because many people did not agree with the idea, and they did not take advantage of it.

IF YOU SAID A, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

5.06Friend or Foe, Mexico?

1821 Mexico wins their Independence from Spain.

  Native Americans make it difficult for Mexico to secure their borders.

Mexico permits Americans to move into Texas.

 Conditions to migrate to Texas • Had to become a Mexican citizen.

• Had to obey law.

• Had to convert to Catholicism.

 Benefits • Americans would serve as buffer between Mexican towns and Native Americans.

• Income (taxes) generated

1821 Mexico wins their Independence from Spain. Continued.

  Mexico stops immigration of Americans to Texas  American population greater than Mexican  Americans bringing slaves to work on cotton plantations in Texas. Slavery is illegal in Texas.

Changing policies in the Mexican government led Texas to rebel against Mexico.

 Santa Anna signs peace treaty ending the rebellion and creating a free and independent Texas.

 Texas remains an independent nation for 9 years.

• United States does not want to anger Mexico, fears war might start.

• United States does not want to deal with the issue of slavery in Texas.

 The annexation of Texas in 1844 by the United States angered Mexico. Mexico broke of diplomatic relations with the United States at this time.

President Polk was elected President in 1845

.

 President Polk believed in Manifest Destiny and that he had a mandate from the people of the United States to acquire all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

 President Polk worked out a deal with the British to split Oregon.

 President Polk offered to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico. He knew it was important for the United States to have ports on the Pacific coast (trade with Asia). Mexico refused to sell.

• President Polk sent U.S. soldiers into the disputed territory (area claimed by both Mexico and United States) to secure border.

• Skirmish takes place between Mexican and U.S. soldiers. Nine U.S. soldiers are killed. Polk uses skirmish to get a declaration of war.

 The “Bear Flag Republic” was a revolt against Mexican authority by a small group of settlers in California. It took place before the Mexican American War and was led by John C. Frémont, a U.S. Army captain.

James Polk’s main goal in obtaining California and New Mexico from Mexico was ______? [5.06] A. to make access to the Alaskan territories easier B. to gain land to use for Native American resettlement C. to create better access to Pacific Ocean fishing resources D. to make trade between the U.S. and Asian countries easier

IF YOU SAID D, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

The Mexican-American War lasted two years.

 Ended when Mexico realized it could no longer fight the United States after losing all their major cities, including Mexico City.

 Many years of fighting Native Americans had weakened the Mexican Army.

 Many Mexican citizens did not support the war. They were not loyal to their current government.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

(Mexican Cession) ended the Mexican-American War.

 The United States gained a huge portion of land, including California and New Mexico.

• Access to trade routes to Asia.

• Natural resources including gold and oil.

• North and South argued over the issue of slavery in this new area.

 The United States paid Mexico 15 million dollars.

Gadsden Purchase

was the purchase of a small portion of land Arizona.

 The United States wanted to build the Transcontinental Railroad thru that area.

 Purchase settled arguments over money owed to Mexico by the United States from raids by Native Americans.

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