Transcript Sediment transport: legacy, intermittency and land use

Sediment and Contaminant Dynamics
Across Scales
Landscape as Cascading Hydrologic
and Biogeochemical Filters
Session 2
Nandita Basu (University of Iowa)
Suresh Rao (Purdue University)
Aaron Packman (Northwestern)
Session 3
Marwan Hassan (UBC)
Aaron Packman (Northwestern)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Conceptual Framework:
Hierarchical, Non-linear Filters and Cascading Waves
Reach Scale
Hillslope
Climate
and Veg:
Rain, ET
Mgmt.:
Chemical
Inputs
Water
Column
overland
flow
sediment
Source Release Model
subsurface
flow
Vadose Zone :
Storage, Transport
Retardation,
Transformations
Saturated Zone :
Transport, Retardation
Transformations
groundwater
flow
Emergent Patterns
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Approach: Pattern Based
Patterns offer a window into
landscape processes
… and a starting point for
hypotheses
Hypotheses Testing:
• WHAT are the “emergent” patterns? – Data
• HOW are they created? – Models
Hypotheses Generation:
• WHEN will they cease to exist --- tipping points
- Data-based (comparative hydrology)
- Model-based
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Patterns that Intrigued us…..
Nitrate load-discharge relationships
across Mississippi
Sediment load-discharge
relationships
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Patterns that Intrigued us…..
Nitrate load-discharge relationships
across Mississippi
Sediment load-discharge
relationships
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Denitrification rate constant (d-1)
How do reach scale patterns translate to network scale:
Spatio-Temporal Averaging
Reach-Scale
NETWORK SCALE
Same Inverse Dependence
REACH SCALE
Inverse relationship between
denitrification and stream depth
Donner et al. (2004)
Bohlke et al. (2008)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
6
Motivating Questions:
Can we understand the dominant
classes of behavior of landscapes that
will pave the way towards catchment
biogeochemical classification?
1. How are sediments and contaminants (dissolved and
sediment bound) generated in the hillslope?
2. How do sediments and contaminants get translated
through the network?
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Filtering of solute variability across
scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Hypothesis: Landscapes act
as cascading,coupled filters
Observed “patterns” are
windows into this filtering
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Four examples of solute filtering
Event filtering in the vadose zone
C vs Q: Data analysis across scales
C vs Q: Models to understand controls
Flow and denitrification in networks
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Event filtering in the vadose zone
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
HEIST: A 1-D event-based model of
solute loads filtered by the vadose zone
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Model reveals controls on clustering of
events and emergence of extremes
Effects of degradation rate:
Solute mass in
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Increasing degradation rates
Increasing depth
Solute mass out
Effects of soil depth:
Concentration vs Discharge:
Data analysis across scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Intra-annual filtering of nitrate more
complex than less bioactive solutes in
experimental watersheds
Hubbard Brook WS2
Sulfate
Chloride
Cumulative precipitation
Cumulative outputs over each year
Cumulative oututs over each year
Nitrate
Sulfate
Nitrate
Chloride
Cumulative discharge
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Flow and Nitrate decouple at larger spatial
scales, except for specific events,
in a data-rich agricultural watershed
Single tile drain (0.03 km2)
Q-C strongly coupled
Watershed (186 km2)
Episodically coupled
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Landuse and climate control mean [N],
and interannual variability is dampened, at
Mississippi watershed scale
Annual NO2 + NO3 Load (t/km2/yr)
Annual Discharge 106 m3/km2/yr
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Concentration vs Discharge:
Models to understand controls
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Multiple models used to test hypotheses
about origins of observed patterns
MRF model
- Conceptual hillslope coupled to network
THREW model
- Representative
Elementary
Watershed
Storage-dependent CSTR model
Storage
Multi-compartment
flow and BGC
process model
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Chemostatic Q – C behavior linked to:
A) Storage – dependent
reaction rates
B) Interaction of
forcing and filter
timescales
Reaction time
Residence time
C) Averaging effects
of the network
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Event input frequency
Flow and denitrification in networks
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Reach scale dependence on stage
shown to produce intriguing patterns
when up-scaled in time and space
Bohlke 2008
k = 0.06/h
Temporal averaging
over year
Spatial averaging
over network
In-stream N Removal
Simon Donner (UBC)
IBIS-THMB model simulations (65 sq km grid resolution)
Runoff (mm)
REACH SCALE
Inverse relationship between
denitrification and stream depth
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
k = 0.2/h
Order from complexity

Solute filtering behavior most complex at



Critical control on filtering:




small scales
more bioactive solutes
Coupling of flow and reaction rates
Timescales of forcing, processing
Spatial structure of the network
Models built around event filtering
can reproduce patterns of



Episodic leaching
Nitrate concentration vs discharge
Denitrification across scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment transport: legacy,
intermittency and land use
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Study Sites
Goodwin Creek, Mississippi
Rio Isabena, Spain
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Landscape and Network Filtering of
Sediment Transport
Rainfall
Bank Erosion
Land Management
Cuml. Load
Runoff,
Suspended Sediment
Deposition and Resuspension
Q(t)
Cuml. Flow
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Deviations from the Mean (mm)
Hillslope Filtering
Hurst Analysis: Precip
1400
P Gage 35
P Gage 52
P Gage 53
P Gage 54
P Gage 57
1200
1000
Precipitation
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Years
Flow
Sediment Mobilized
Hurst Analysis: F low
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
from the Mean (kg)
Deviations
Deviation from the mean (kg.m2)
from the Mean (m)
Deviations
D e via tion from the me a n (m)
1 .4
Site 7
1 .2
Site 9
1
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
0 .8
Site 1 4
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
1980
1982
1982
1985
1987
1990
1992
1995
1997
1997
Years
9
8
Site 7
Site 9
7
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
6
Site 1 4
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Years
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Deviations from the Mean (mm)
Hillslope Filtering
Hurst Analysis: Precip
1400
P Gage 35
P Gage 52
P Gage 53
P Gage 54
P Gage 57
1200
1000
Precipitation
800
600
400
200
Flow ~ unfiltered precipitation
0
-200
-400
-600
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Years
Flow
Sediment Mobilized
Hurst Analysis: F low
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
from the Mean (kg)
Deviations
Deviation from the mean (kg.m2)
from the Mean (m)
Deviations
D e via tion from the me a n (m)
1 .4
Site 7
1 .2
Site 9
1
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
0 .8
Site 1 4
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
1980
1982
1985
1987
1990
1992
1995
1997
1997
1982
Years
9
8
Site 7
Site 9
7
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
6
Site 1 4
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Years
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Deviations from the Mean (mm)
Hillslope Filtering
Hurst Analysis: Precip
1400
P Gage 35
P Gage 52
P Gage 53
P Gage 54
P Gage 57
1200
1000
Precipitation
800
600
400
Sediment ~ flow filtered
200
0
-200
-400
-600
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Years
Flow
Sediment Mobilized
Hurst Analysis: F low
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
from the Mean (kg)
Deviations
Deviation from the mean (kg.m2)
from the Mean (m)
Deviations
D e via tion from the me a n (m)
1 .4
Site 7
1 .2
Site 9
1
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
0 .8
Site 1 4
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
1980
1982
1982
1985
1987
1990
1992
1995
1997
1997
Years
9
8
Site 7
Site 9
7
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
6
Site 1 4
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Years
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Deviations from the Mean (mm)
Hillslope Filtering
Hurst Analysis: Precip
1400
P Gage 35
P Gage 52
P Gage 53
P Gage 54
P Gage 57
1200
1000
Precipitation
800
600
400
Sediment ~ flow filtered
200
0
-200
-400
-600
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Years
Flow
Sediment Mobilized
Hurst Analysis: F low
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
from the Mean (kg)
Deviations
Deviation from the mean (kg.m2)
from the Mean (m)
Deviations
D e via tion from the me a n (m)
1 .4
Site 7
1 .2
Site 9
1
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
0 .8
Site 1 4
0 .6
8
Site 7
Site 9
7
Site 1 0
Site 1 1
6
Site 1 4
5
4
Increased Disturbance
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
1980
9
1982
1982
1985
1987
1990
1992
1995
1997
1997
Years
3
2
1
0
-1
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1982
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Years
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1997
Hillslope Filtering – Land Use
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
EXCEEDENCE
PROBABILITY
FLOW
LOAD
CHANGE IN
LANDUSE
NORMALIZED FLOW AND LOAD
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1989
Reach Mass Balance
St. 4
St. 3
In p u ts
D e p o sitio n
St. 14
M o b ilizatio n St. 2
St. 13
B an k Ero sio n
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Quantification of Bank Erosion
1997/3/4
1996/12/9
1996/4/24
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment Transport – Waves
INPUT
6
10
Concentration
Sediment Concentration in Bed
5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
Flow
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
2
1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Length Down Reach (m)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1200
1400
Sediment Transport – Waves
INPUT
6
Sediment Concentration in Bed
10
Concentration
5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
Flow
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
2
1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Length Down Reach (m)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1200
1400
Sediment Transport – Waves
INPUT
6
Sediment Concentration in Bed
10
Concentration
5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
Flow
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
2
1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Length Down Reach (m)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1200
1400
Sediment Transport – Waves
INPUT
6
Sediment Concentration in Bed
10
Concentration
5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
Flow
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
2
1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Length Down Reach (m)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1200
1400
Sediment transport behaviour

Reproduces features of export patterns
Model Output
1
Data for Isabena River
Cumulative Load (g)
Cumulative Load
1
0
3
Cumulative Flow m /s
1
0
3
Cumulative Flow (m /day)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Basin-Scale Filtering
Land Use Intervention
Load – relatively homogeneous
Load – highlights channel contributions
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Consequences
• Intact ecosystems  more filtering
• Network has “memory”
– Responses vary in space, time
• Filtering:
– Nonlinear
– Episodic
– Stochastic
(e.g. hillslopes)
(e.g. legacy)
(e.g. bank failure)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Order out of Complexity
Catchment Scale: Nutrient
Solute mass out
Increasing depth
Vadose Zone
Solute mass in
Model Output
1
Network
Scale
Cumulative Load
Sediment
0
0
1
3
Cumulative Flow (m /day)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009