Transcript Unit 1: Colonization

Unit 1: Colonization
Massachusetts, Maryland, and the Southern States
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• Queen Elizabeth and the defeat of the Spanish Armada
• England was a Protestant country, and Spain was a Roman Catholic one. The Spanish
made no secret of their hostility to the English Queen, who they believed was
illegitimate and had no right to the English throne, and had been involved in plots
to dethrone her. Elizabeth herself had encouraged the activities of the English
pirates, who plundered Philip's ships as they made their way from the New World,
seizing their treasures.
• As early as 1585, Philip had begun to prepare a great fleet that, under the Spanish
commander Santa Cruz, would invade England
• The purpose of the mission was to depose Elizabeth, put Mary/Isabella on the
throne, and make England Roman Catholic once again
• Despite numerous setbacks the Spanish had received, they were determined to set a
fleet against England, and in the May of 1588 at last the great fleet set out
• In the English channel, the Spanish were suffering a humiliating defeat
English Colonization in the South
1632, Maryland
 Northern point of Chesapeake Bay
 A proprietary colony
 Founded for minority Catholics in Protestant England; but more Protestants
than Catholics arrived
1670, North and South Carolina
 Originally one colony, Carolina
 A proprietary colony
 1691, split into North and South Carolina
 1729, colonists wanted Carolinas to become royal colonies  granted
English Colonization in the South
Georgia
 1732, began as a proprietary colony
 James Oglethorpe
 Designed to hold English debtors and prisoners
 Strict governance
 1752, became a royal colony
English Colonization in New England
Puritan and Separatists
Puritans wanted to “purify” the (Anglican) Church of England of its
Catholic ceremonies and hierarchy of controlling priests in local
congregations
Separatists are Puritans whom wanted to start their own churches
entirely
Middle class
Thrift, diligence, and morality
Honored God by working hard
English Colonization in New England
1620s, King Charles I began persecuting Puritans
America was a refuge
1620, Puritans arrive in Massachusetts
 Later called Pilgrims
 Sailed on the Mayflower,
Plymouth Colony  Before settling, the group made an agreement known as
the Mayflower Compact, agreeing to form a government and follow the laws
 Founding principles of US government
Massachusetts Bay Colony  1630, a larger group of Puritans led by John
Winthrop
 Boston
English Colonization in New England
In Massachusetts, the Puritans established a republic  men elected
governing officials
As the Puritans/ Pilgrims spread along the coast and further into the interior
 New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut
Puritans moved to America for religious ideals, not to embrace toleration 
No Catholics, Anglicans, or Quakers allowed
The Puritans also purged their own people for expressing radical religious
opinions
1630s, Roger Williams (argued that Indians needed to be paid for their land)
and Anne Hutchinson (argued that Mass. had not done enough to break away
from the English church)
Salem Witch Trials
• New England colonies not only persecuted dissenters but also
witches
• The most spectacular accusations occurred in Salem, Mass. In
1962 “Salem Witch Trials”; 19 suspected, tried, convicted and
killed
• But, not the case when prominent people were being accused
• Thought to be a fiasco, and ended the prosecution of witches in
New England
Puritans v. Native Americans
• Puritans thought the natives to be ignorant, lazy savages
• Changed the land to look like England
• The Pequot War
• By the 1630s, the Puritans were involved in the fur trade
• Problems with the natives
• In 1636, Puritans accused Pequot of murdering an English trader and so
Puritans attack Pequot and their villages (killing men, women, and children)
• Other native groups were shocked at the brutal behavior of the English
• 1638, the Treaty of Hartford, gave victory to the English and eliminated the
Pequot.
Puritans v. Native Americans
After the Pequot War, the Puritans worked to convert the Indians into
English Christians
“Prayer Towns”
 14 praying towns, 1,600 Indians (a minority)
Praying towns  Puritans claiming most of Indian land for colonial
settlement
In 1675, a massive Indian rebellion erupted  “King Phillip’s War”
 Every Indian village fought
 Guns instead of bows and arrows
1676, however, the Indians were defeated after starvation and lack of
ammunition  the Indians lost most of their remaining land to southern
New England
Puritans v. Native Americans
Some of the defeated Indians fled north to French Canada
Whenever the French waged war against English, they would have
help from the natives seeking revenge (esp. after 1689, as French
and English tensions escalated over control of America)
Colonization in the Middle Colonies
Early 1600’s the English had colonized the Chesapeake area to the south, and
New England in the North
At the same time, the Dutch and Swedish also colonized in the Atlantic area
New Netherland  1609, Dutch merchants traded fur with Indians along the
Hudson River
 1614, they established a settlement at Fort Nassau (later called Fort Orange)
 New Amsterdam
The Dutch were not missionaries
The Dutch West India Company appointed officials; no assembly
Authoritarian, but religiously tolerant  diversity within colony
Colonization in Middle Colonies
“Push-and-Pull Factors”
Push stronger in England than Netherlands
 No masses of poor; and no religious differences
New Sweden  1638, Swedes settle along the Delaware River
 Dual economy: fur trading and grain farming
 Swedes and Finnish
 Introduced log cabins and other frontier techniques
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
1655, the Dutch attack and the Swedes surrender  Dutch now in control of
Swedish area
During the 1650s and 60s, Dutch and English become rivals over commerce
Colonization in Middle Colonies
1664, New York becomes and English colony
 English force Dutch to surrender territory
 Proprietary colony
 Included Dutch and Swedish land
 Closed the gap between the Chesapeake and Massachusetts Bay colonies
Pennsylvania, 1680
 Began a debt paid to William Penn by King Charles II
 Quaker  a radical form of Protestantism
 1682, Penn establishes Philadelphia (“City of Brotherly Love”)
 Temperate climate, fertile soil  pull factor for colonists
 Peaceful relations with Indians unlike Puritans
 Penn treated Indians with respect and paid fair prices for land
Colonization in Middle Colonies
Quakers in Pennsylvania
 Tradespeople, shopkeepers, and small farmers; distrusted rich and powerful
 Believed in the “inner light”; not sacred scripture and sermons
 Tolerant, pacifists, with no clergy and church of privilege