Transcript Document
Chapter 14 Notes Part 3
Fingerprints
Preservation of Developed Prints
Once a latent print has been developed, it
must be permanently preserved for future
comparison and possible use in court as
evidence.
Preservation of Developed Prints
A photograph must be taken before any
further attempts at preservation.
Preservation of Developed Prints
Any camera with a close up lens may be used
for photographing fingerprints.
Preservation of Developed Prints
Additional photographs must be taken to
provide an overall view of the print’s location
with respect to other evidential items at the
crime scene.
Preservation of Developed Prints
Once photographs have been secured, one of
two procedures is to be followed.
Preservation of Developed Prints
If the object is small enough to be transported,
it should be preserved in its entirety.
Preservation of Developed Prints
The fingerprints on the object should be
covered in cellophane so it will be protected
from damage.
Preservation of Developed Prints
Prints on large immovable objects that have
been developed with powder can best be
preserved by “lifting.”
Preservation of Developed Prints
The most popular type of lifter is broad, clear,
adhesive tape.
Preservation of Developed Prints
When the tape is applied to the powdered
print and then pulled up, the powder is
transferred to the tape.
The tape is then placed on a card that provides
a good background contrast with the powder.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
When fingerprints are lifted from a crime
scene, they are not usually in perfect condition,
making the analysis much more difficult.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
Digital imaging software can be used to
enhance fingerprints for the most accurate and
comprehensive analysis.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
Digital imaging is the process by which a picture
is converted into a digital file.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
The image produced in a digital file is
composed of numerous square electronic dots
called pixels.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
Resolution reveals the degree of detail that can
be seen in an image, and is measured in pixels.
The more pixels, the more detail that can be
seen in an image.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
The input of pictures into a digital imaging
system is usually done through the use of
scanners, digital cameras, and video cameras.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
After a picture has been converted into a
digital image made of pixels, several methods
can be employed to enhance it.
The brightness can be adjusted.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
The contrast between the image and the
background can be adjusted.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
Color can also be adjusted to improve the
image of a fingerprint.
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement
An important and useful tool, especially for
fingerprint identification, is the compare
function.
This feature places two images side by side.
Chapter 14 Review
Fingerprints are a reproduction of skin ridges
found on the palm side of the fingertips.
Chapter 14 Review
Basic
principles of fingerprinting are:
1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
2. A fingerprint remains unchanged during an
individual’s lifetime.
3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns
that permit them to be systematically
classified.
Chapter 14 Review
All fingerprints are divided into 3 classes: loops,
whorls, and arches.
Chapter 14 Review
The individuality of a fingerprint is not
determined by its general shape or pattern, but
by a careful study of its ridge characteristics.
Chapter 14 Review
AFIS aids the process of fingerprint
comparison by converting the image of a
fingerprint into digital minutiae.
Chapter 14 Review
Prints deposited by sweat and oil that are
invisible are called latent fingerprints.
Chapter 14 Review
Visible prints are made when fingers touch a
surface after being in contact with a material
such as blood, paint, grease, etc.
Chapter 14 Review
Plastic prints are impressions of fingerprints
left in a soft material such as wax, soap, or dust.
Chapter 14 Review
Latent prints developed on hard and
nonabsorbent surfaces are preferably
developed by application of fingerprint powder.
Chapter 14 Review
Prints on porous surfaces generally require
treatment with a chemical.
Review Questions
1. True
or False: Once a latent fingerprint
has been developed, it must be
permanently preserved for future
comparison and use in the courtoom.
Review Questions
2. True
or False: Any camera that has a
close up lens can be used to photograph
a visualized fingerprint.