Transcript Document

Emergency Response
Overview of Basic Concepts in
Emergency Preparedness and Response
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Day 10 – Lecture 2
Objective
To learn about the concepts and
principles apply to different practices and
sources with the potential for causing
radiation exposure or environmental
radioactive contamination warranting
emergency intervention, and to all
countries and regions that might need to
implement emergency intervention
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Content
• Objectives of emergency response and
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preparedness
Basic responsibilities
Assessment of threats
Functional and infrastructure
requirements
Concepts of operations
Summary
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Introduction
• Preparedness for emergency response is needed because
 Accidents happen
 Preparedness helps save lives and minimize risks to health and
environment
 Response with preparedness costs less than response without it
 Response without preparedness can affect credibility of authorities
• The objectives of the lesson are to present goals, principles and basic
concepts of emergency response in case of nuclear or radiological
emergencies
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Objectives of Emergency Response
• To mitigate the consequences of an
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emergency or event at its origin
To prevent the occurrence of deterministic
effects in individuals
To render first aid and to treat injuries
To reduce, using reasonable steps, the
occurrence of stochastic effects in the
population
To limit the occurrence of non-radiological
effects in individuals and in the population
To protect the environment and property
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Objectives of Emergency
Preparedness
• To assure the capability to respond in a
timely, effective, appropriate and
coordinated manner to any nuclear or
radiological emergency at all levels:
• User or facility level
• Local level
• Regional level
• National level
• International level
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Basic Responsibilities
• Adequate preparations must be established
and maintained at local and national and,
where agreed between countries, at the
international level to respond to emergencies
• The arrangements for emergency response
actions both within and outside facilities, if
applicable, or elsewhere under the control of
the operator, are dealt with through the
regulatory process
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Basic Responsibilities (cont’d)
• The regulatory body has to require that
emergency plans be prepared for the on-site
area for any practice or source, that could
necessitate an emergency intervention
• The regulatory body must ensure that these
plans are integrated with those of other
response organizations as appropriate before
the commencement of operation
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Basic Responsibilities (cont’d)
• The country must periodically ensure, by
means of an appropriate organization, that a
review is conducted in order to identify any
practice or event that could necessitate an
emergency intervention
• It must also ensure that an assessment of
the radiological threat is conducted for those
practices
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Assessment of Threats
• The nature and extent of emergency
arrangements have to be commensurate
with the potential magnitude and nature of
the hazard associated with the facility or
activity
• The threat assessment must be periodically
reviewed to take into account changes in to
the threats within and outside the country
and the experience and lessons from
previous events involving relevant practices
and sources
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Assessment of Threats (cont’d)
• The threat assessment has to identify installations,
sources, practices, on-site areas, off-site areas or
locations for which nuclear or radiological
emergencies could warrant:
• precautionary urgent protective actions to prevent
severe deterministic health effects
• urgent protective actions to reduce stochastic
effects
• agricultural and ingestion countermeasures and
long term protective measures
• protection for the workers undertaking an
intervention
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Threat Categories
• Nuclear and radiation threats are grouped according to the
five threat categories
• Categories I through IV represent decreasing levels of
threat and therefore decreasing emergency
preparedness and response requirements
• Category IV is the minimum level of threat assumed to
exist everywhere and thus always applies possibly along
with other categories
• Category V is a special category and may apply along
with other categories
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Threat Categories
Threat
Category
Radiological Threat
I
Severe deterministic health effects off-site
II
Warranting urgent protective actions off-site,
deterministic health effects on-site
III
No urgent protective actions off-site are warranted,
severe deterministic health effects on-site
IV
Minimum level of threat – all countries
V
Food contamination due to transboundary
contamination necessitating food restrictions
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Threat Category I and II
• Power reactors and facilities with large amounts of
spent fuel or dispersible radioactive material
• Primary risk: atmospheric release
• Facilities with potential for uncontrolled criticalities
• Primary risk: gamma and neutron shine dose
• On-site dose rates may be very high
• (>10 Gy/h)
• Beta emitter contamination
• Serious detrimental psychological and economical
impact
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Threat Category III
• Reactors < 2 MW (th)
• Irradiators, industrial radiography,
teletherapy, fuel fabrication, spent fuel
storage, reprocessing of spent fuel
• Primary risk: significant exposure on site (high
dose rates, beta emitter contamination)
• No credible emergencies postulated for which
urgent off-site protective actions are warranted
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Threat Category IV
• Applies to emergencies involving
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Uncontrolled sources
Transport
Severe overexposure
Terrorist threats or criminal activities
• Primary risk: overexposure, facility
contamination, public contamination
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Threat Category V
• For areas within the food restriction radius
for the affected facility in threat category I or
II
• Primary risk: country wide contamination
• Restrictions on food and agricultural products
may be needed
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Planning Areas and Zones
• Areas
• On-site area
• Off-site area
• Zones
• Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ)
• Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone (UPZ)
• Food restrictions planning radius
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Concept of Emergency Planning
Zones
Facility
National boarder
On-Site
PAZ
UPZ
Road (*)
Country A
Country B
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* or other recognizable
boundary
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Response and Planning Zones
Sizes
Facility
Category I
PAZ
UPZ
FRPD
0.5 – 5 km 5 – 25 km
50 – 250 km
Category II
None
0.2 – 5 km
2 – 100 km
Category III
None
None
None
PAZ – Precautionary Action Zone
UPZ – Urgent Protective Planning Zone
FRPR – Food Restrictions Planning Radius
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Planning Zone vs. Response Zones
• Planning Zones are for planning, i.e. this
does not mean that protective actions will
not be required outside those zones
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Planning Levels and Responsibilities
• Effective emergency response requires
mutually supportive and integrated
emergency planning at three levels:
• User
• Off-site
• International
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Responsibilities – User Level
• To mitigate the emergency
• To protect people on-site
• To notify off-site officials and providing them
with recommendations on protective actions
and technical assistance
• To provide initial radiological monitoring
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Responsibilities – Off-site Level
• Local officials: to provide immediate
support to the user and prompt
protection to the public in the vicinity
• National and regional officials: to plan
and response on the national level
• to plan longer term protective actions
• to support local officials in the event their
capabilities are exceeded
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Responsibilities – International Level
• To implement Notification and Assistance Convention
• IAEA, countries
“Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident” and
“Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear or
Radiological Emergency”. The parties to the Notification
Convention commit to notify forthwith those countries that
may be physically affected by an accident.
• To provide technical, humanitarian or medical
assistance
• UNDHA, WHO, others
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Emergency Classes and Conditions
• Response to an emergency requires
rapid and coordinated response
• This can be accomplished by using
internationally agreed classification
system:
• General emergency
• Site area emergency
• Facility emergency
• Alert
• Uncontrolled source emergency
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General Emergency
Threat Category I and II
• Should be declared when an actual or
substantial risk of a release of
radioactive material warranting
immediate implementation of urgent
protective actions off-site exists
• Actions should be promptly taken to:
• mitigate the event
• protect people on-site
• protect people within PAZ and UPZ (as
appropriate)
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Site Area Emergency
Threat Category I and II
• Should be declared when a major
decrease in the level of protection for
those on-site and near the facility
occurs
• Actions should be promptly taken to:
• mitigate the event
• protect people on-site
• make preparations to implement protective
actions off-site (if necessary)
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Facility Emergency
Threat Category I, II and III
• Should be declared when a major
decrease in the level of protection for
workers on-site occurs
• Actions should be promptly taken to:
• mitigate the event
• protect people on-site
• Note: this class does not represent an
off-site threat
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Alert
Threat Category I, II and III
• Should be declared when an uncertain
or significant decrease in the level of
protection for the on-site personnel or
the public occurs
• Actions should be promptly taken to:
• Assess and mitigate the event
• Increase the readiness of the on- and offsite response organisations (as
appropriate)
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Uncontrolled Source Emergency
• Occurs in case of lost, stolen or loss of
control of a threat category IV dangerous
sources
• First responders should take appropriate
actions to minimise the consequences of
emergency
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International Nuclear Event Scale –
INES
• The emergency
classification should not
be confused with the
International Nuclear
Event Scale – INES
• INES is designed to
indicate how serious an
event was after it is
understood and is NOT
the basis for the
response
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Preparedness and Response
• Two sets of requirements
• Functional (response) requirements
• Infrastructure (preparedness) requirements
• Infrastructure requirements must be fulfilled
to ensure that functional requirements of
response can be performed when needed
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Functional Requirements
• Establishing emergency management and
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operations
Identifying, notifying and activating
Performing mitigatory actions
Taking urgent protective actions
Providing information and issuing
instructions and warnings to the public
Protecting emergency workers
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Functional Requirements (cont.)
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Assessing the initial phase
Managing the medical response
Keeping the public informed
Taking agricultural countermeasures,
countermeasures against ingestion and
longer-term protective actions
• Mitigating the non-radiological consequences
of the emergency and the response
• Conducting recovery operations
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Infrastructure Elements
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Quality assurance
and programme
maintenance
Authority
Organisation
Coordination
Plans and procedures
Logistical support and facilities
Quality assurance and programme
maintenance
Organisation
Training, drills and
exercises
Response
objectives
Authority
Logistacal support
and facilities
Co-ordination
Plans and
procedures
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Integrated Planning Concept
• Response to radiation emergency may
be caused by or may involve different
types of hazards
• Natural (e.G. Storms)
• Technological (e.G. Radiation)
• Biological
• Criminal activity
• Plans and procedures for response to
all hazards should be structured into
coherent and interlocking system
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Integrated Planning Concept
National (All Hazards) Emergency Plan
Other National
Emergency
Plans
National
Radiation
Emergency
Plan
Top
Level
Local Government
Emergency Plans
Participating
Organisations
Emergency Plans
Facilities (on-site)
or Operators
Emergency Plans
Implementing
procedures
Implementing
procedures
Implementing
procedures
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Middle
Level
Bottom
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category I
• The facility staff
• Classifies the emergency
• Notifies jurisdictions within PAZ and UPZ
• Takes all possible actions to prevent or reduce the
release
• Provides protective action recommendations to
off-site officials (within 15 min)
• Rapidly monitor in PAZ and UPZ until relieved by
off-site officials
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category I – cont’d
• Local officials
• Provide police, fire fighting and medical assistance to
the site (if requested)
• Decide on the protective actions for the public
• Inform the public (within 1 hour)
• National level officials
• Notify IAEA and other countries
• Support the local officials
• Conduct monitoring further from the site
• Conduct joint media briefings
• Coordinate longer-term protective actions
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category II
• The facility staff
• Classifies the emergency
• Notifies jurisdictions within the UPZ
• Takes all possible actions to prevent or
reduce the release or shine dose
• Provides protective action
recommendations (within 15 min)
• Monitor near the site until relieved by off-site
officials
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category II – cont’d
• Local officials
• Provide police, fire fighting and medical
assistance to the site (if requested)
• Recommend, within 1 hour, protective actions to
the people within the UPZ
• National level officials
• Support the local officials
• Conduct monitoring further from the site
• Conduct joint media briefings
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category III
• The facility
• Declares a facility emergency
• Notifies local off-site officials
• Ensures that all people on-site are provided with
appropriate protection
• Conduct the environmental monitoring
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category III – cont’d
• Local off-site officials
• Provide police, fire fighting and medical
assistance to the site if requested
• Inform the media
• National level officials
• Support the local officials
• Assist in obtaining specialised treatment through
the IAEA (if needed)
• Conduct joint media briefings
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category IV
• First responders
• Take life saving actions
• Notify local off-site officials
• Local officials take precautions to confine radioactive
material and to protect people in the immediate
vicinity
• National officials
• Dispatch survey and response personnel
• Request assistance through IAEA (if needed)
• Brief the media
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Concepts of Operations
Threat Category V
• The country where the accident occurs
notifies the potentially affected states
• Upon receipt of notification national
officials
• Provide instructions to the public and
farmers
• Conduct monitoring and sampling
• Develop programme to deal with long-term
impact
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Summary
• Accidents do happen
• Concepts of emergency response are based
on ICRP principles and IAEA
recommendations
• Good planning in advance of emergency can
substantially improve the response
Chance favors prepared
• The response to a radiation emergency is
basically the same as the response to any
accident involving hazardous material
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