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Science Final Review Notes Does it Float or Sink? Solids • Phase of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volume Molecules (small round objects) are arranged and organized in “tightly packed” order Liquids • Phase of matter in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volume Molecules are moving slowly; not fast enough to overcome the attractions between them Gases • Phase in which matter changes in both volume and shape Molecules move very quickly and are able to break apart from one another So How Do We Classify Them? • How fast the molecules move!!! Solids Liquids Molecules Move move slow faster than and vibrate solids and in place overcome some attraction Gases Plasmas Move fast Move and incredibly overcome fast but all of break apart attraction • Potential Energy – Stored energy • Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion Circuits • Complete, closed path through which electric charges flow Closed Open Two Types of Circuits • 1. Series: all parts are connected in one loop Types Of Circuits • 2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches Types Of Waves • 2 Types 1. Transverse Waves 2. Longitudinal Waves These two waves can be identified by the direction in which the particles of the medium vibrate compared with the direction in which the waves travel Transverse Waves • Transverse: waves that move across Particles in a transverse wave move across or perpendicular to the direction of the wave Longitudinal Waves • Longitudinal: the particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels Properties of Waves • Amplitude: the maximum distance the wave vibrates from its rest position Larger the amplitude = taller wave What Does Amplitude Mean? • Small Amplitude = low energy • Large Amplitude = high energy Wavelength • Wavelength: the distance between any two adjacent crests or compressions Frequency • Frequency: the number of waves produced in a given amount of time Expressed in Hertz Newton’s Laws 1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force 2. Force = mass x acceleration 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction • The seven types of energy are: Heat Chemical Light Energy Nuclear Electrical Sound Mechanical What Makes An Object Move? • Force: a push or pull on an object Characteristics of Forces 1. Have size 2. Direction 3. Units = Newtons 40.0 Newtons Law of Gravity • What goes up must come down. • Gravitational force increases with increased mass of the object or decreased distance between objects. Law of Conservation of Energy • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change form. Levers • A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point Fulcrum: pivot point Inclined Planes • Simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface The longer an inclined plane is compared to its height, the greater the mechanical advantage Wheel and Axle • Consists of two circular objects of different sizes 1st Circular Object 2nd Circular Object The wheel allows the individual to spin the axle easier Pulleys • Consists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable Compound Machines • Machines that are made of two or more simple machines The more moving parts, the more mechanical advantage What is Friction Then? o Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching There is NO SUCH THING as a completely smooth surface!! Efficiency In Machine • Machines can be made to be more efficient We do this by REDUCING… Lubricants: substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce friction between them Physical Properties Can be observed without changing what the object originally was EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical Changes Changes in size, shape, or color (the object is still the same substance) EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES Chemical Changes Evident when we make a NEW SUBSTANCE!! EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGES PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMCIAL CHANGES Size Bubbling Shape Flammable Color Dissolving/Dissolves ** A WAY TO FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE YOU CAN DISSOLVE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES** ** Match the temperature at the bottom with the grams of solute on the left side…where they meet is the solubility for that substance** Electromagnetic Spectrum • Name for the range of electromagnetic waves when they are placed in order of increasing frequency Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued long Wavelength short low Frequency high Refraction Bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another Reflection When light or any other waves bounces off an object Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light Absorption and Scattering Absorption: the transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles of matter Light and Color Color is produced by REFLECTION and ABSORPTION!!!! The colors that are REFLECTED are the colors that you can see!!!!!! What Are Our Basic Colors? Meet ROY G. BIV THE RAINBOW!!! R O Y G B I V = RED = ORANGE = YELLOW = GREEN = BLUE = INDIGO = VIOLET