Transcript European Imperialism in Africa

European Imperialism
Imperialism- One civilization controls another
civilization’s economy, government, and / or
culture. Colonialism and / or colonization are
similar to imperialism.
European Imperialism Timeline
Conquering the New World
 1492 Columbus discovers New World for
Western Europe
 1500s- Late 1700s Europeans establish
colonies throughout North and South America
 By Early 1800s most of these colonies are
independent
Timeline Continued
Europeans look for new land
 1600s-1700s Europeans start colonies in
coastal areas of Africa, Southern Asia, Middle
East, and Australia
 1800s-1900s Europeans push to interior
regions and develop colonies
 1945-1990 Almost all European colonies gain
independence (peaceful and violent
revolutions)
Types of Imperialism
 Indirect Imperialism- (Informal) less strict
might be only one aspect
 Direct Imperialism- (Formal) same as
Imperialism defintion
Causes of European Imperialism
 Demand for Resources
 Nationalism
 European ideas- Social Darwinism, forced
assimilation, and superiority complexes
 Religion / Christianization
 European Advantages
Demands for Resources
 Industrialization > Competition > Demand for
resources
 Need for cheap sources of energy
 Diamonds, ivory, gold, copper, precious
metals
Nationalism
 Increase in national and ethnic pride.
 “Might makes right.”
 Breeding ground for racism
Social Darwinism
 Survival of the fittest.
 Europeans viewed
themselves as superior.
 Led to development of
eugenicspseudoscience applied
genetics to population.
Eugenics encouraged
racism.
The Dangers of Eugenics
Cultural Assimilation – Forced to
blend into European Culture
European Paternalism
 “Take up the white man’s burden.”- Rudyard
Kipling, poet laureate of British Empire.
 Europeans thought they were helping the
people.
 “Bringing light and civilization to the rest of
the world.”
Religious Beliefs / Christianization
 Missionaries spread throughout the colonies.
 Push to spread European religions.
 Encourages paternalism and martyr complex.
 Europeans believed they were doing “God’s
work.”
“Doctor Livingstone I presume?”
 Doctor Livingstone-
famous British
missionary and explorer
 Converted many
Africans
 Exposed the horrors of
colonialism and slavery
Europeans Advantages and
Conquest Strategies
 Divide and Conquer- Ethnic, religious, and
tribal divisions
 Technology- transportation, communication
 Weapons- rifles, machine guns
 Disease- Europeans had stronger immune
systems. Small Pox devastated native
populations
Divide and Conquer
 “United we stand divided we fall.”
 Many divisions occurred naturally throughout
new territories
 Religious / ethnic / or other divisions could
have existed for hundreds of years prior to
European presence
 Europeans exploited many of these divisions
Advancements in Technology
Exchange of Products and Disease
Disease
 Europeans spread their
diseases and use
medical technology to
combat new diseases
they encounter.
 Europeans bring small
pox and other diseases.
 Most indigenous people
did not have strong
immune system.
 Europeans use quinine
to combat malaria
Malaria becomes a problem for Europeans as try to
conquer tropical areas
LIGHT AREAS - Where Dengue and Malaria are transmitted
MEDIUM AREAS - Where Dengue is transmitted
DARK AREAS - Where Malaria is transmitted
Quinine
Examples of European Imperialism
 All of New World
 Europeans conquering Europeans
 Most of Africa
 All of Middle East
 Australia and New Zealand
 Large parts of Asia
Canada
 British gained full
control in 1763
 British and French
sections
 Native Americans
pushed West
 Started as colony
moved to home rule
Ireland
 Controlled by the British since Medieval
Times
 Protestants (Northern Irish and British) VS.
Catholics (Southern and Western Irish)
 Irish Potato Famine cuts population in half
 Political movements & violent revolts led to
home rule and independence for Southern
Ireland (not until 1921)
Potato Famine Villages
Ireland’s Population Decreases
Australia
 Aborigines- native people of
Australia wiped out by British
- Disease
- Divide and Conquer
- Genocide / Mass Killings
 1600s-1800s Prison Colony
Setup
 1800s British settle the land
 Eventually British settlers
gain home rule and then
independence after World
War II
New Zealand
 Maoris- native people of
New Zealand
- Disease
- Divide and Conquer
- Genocide
 Eventually British
settlers gain home rule
and then independence
after World War II
Europeans in Africa
Questions
1. Where are the majority of the colonies in
1880?
2. How are the two maps different from each
other?
3. What factors led to the expansion of
European colonies?
African Resistance
 Expansion of Zulu
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Empire (Bantu culture)
Battle of Blood River
(Against Dutch)
Zulu Wars 1840s –
1880 (Against British)
British force Zulus and
other tribes to surrender
Apartheid laws
established
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
 Europeans
attempt to
divide Africa
peacefully
 No Africans
present at
conference
 Menelik II of
Ethiopia resists
Europeans
European Conflicts in Africa
Boer War
 Dutch and Germans (Boers) VS. British
 Fighting over rights to South Africa
 British win the war, but use atrocious means.
 British use internment camps.
Cecil Rhodes- Euro Imperialism
personified
Belgian Congo Free State
 King Leopold II of
Belgium
 Rubber tree plantations
 Mining for metals and
other natural resources
 Activist forced Leopold
to give up control.
Investigations into Belgian Congo
 “Two cases (of mutilation) came to my notice.
One, a young man, both of whose hands
had been removed with the butt ends
of rifles against a tree; the other a young
lad of 11 or 12 years of age, whose right
hand was cut off at the wrist .”
– Roger Casement, British Consul in Congo
Free State
Do Now
 Explain the following quote: “The Sun Never Sets on
the British Empire.”
British Empire in India Stage 1
 British East India Trading Company 1600s-
1857
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Paved the way for the British Empire
British involvement in India starts out as a few
trading posts (Indirect)
Mughal Empire declines in strength, British
East India Company gains more control.
British in India Stage 2
 Divide and Conquer
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strategy- Hindu VS.
Muslim
Forced people of India
to buy British textiles
British buy up Indian
land
Indians forced to grow
indigo, cotton, tea,
coffee and opium
British set up feudalism
in India
Sepoy Mutiny 1857- Indians Revolt
Stage 3
 Sepoy- Indian soldier
that served the British
 Disliked
Christianization
 Hindu & Muslim sepoy
soldiers rebel because
of the animal grease
on the rifle cartridges
 Indians’ early success
ended by British Army
Raj- British Empire controls India
1858 Stage 4
 British take full control of India (government,
economy, and culture)
 British Empire uses excessive force
 Wanted to take advantage of all of the wealth
coming from agriculture- “Jewel in the Crown”
 Tighten their grip on a new market for their
textiles.
 Force cultural assimilation upon Indians
European influence in India
British Royalty in India
Sepoy Soldiers fight for British
Tea and Opium Connection
 British East India
Trading Company
establishes a foothold
in China
British buy land in India and force
People to grow poppy plants and
process it into opium
British sell opium to China
And gain influence
In China
 Opium grown in India
sold in China
 Opium Addiction in
China skyrockets
British use profits to
buy Tea which is sold
in UK also use profits to
Buy more land in
India
Collection of Poppy Seeds and
Flowers
Opium War
 Chinese tell British to stop
selling opium
 British use advancements in
warships and weapons
 British win easily
 Treaty of Nanjing: British gain
Hong Kong and
extraterritorial rights
Taiping Rebellion
 Chinese emperors lose
power
 Europeans and Americans
gain influence
 Open Door Policy- forces
China’s ports to be open to
all countries
Europeans Build an Empire in the
Middle East
 Ottoman Empire ruled the Mid East
 Different ethnicities of Ottoman Empire
 Nationalism growing in Ottoman Empire =
Divide and Conquer
 Europeans set up colonies
 Geographically important area
 Construction of Suez Canal- Connects
Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea
 Late 1800s Oil Discovered in Persia (Iran)
Ottoman Empire
Suez Canal Completed in 1869
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
*Siam (Later Thailand)- Remains Independent due to leadership of
King Mongkut*
Dutch
 Dutch East India Company established
control in Indonesia
 Forced people to grow sugar cane, rubber,
coconuts, pineapples, bananas, and cocoa
 Exported large quantities of oil and tin
 Set up rigid social structure
British
 Took control over Malaysia and Myanmar
(Burma)
 Focused on exporting tin and rubber from
these colonies
 Also forced people to grow cash crops
French
 Took control over Vietnam, Laos, and
Cambodia
 Used direct control
 Forced increase in rice production
 Encouraged conversions to Christianity
American
 Took control of Philippines, Guam, and
Hawaii
 Philippines used for sugar cane and other
cash crops
 Queen Liliuokalani was dethroned in
Hawaii by American plantation owners
 Hawaii is annexed by U.S.
Decolonization in Africa, India, and
Other Parts of Asia 1900s-1945
 Some reforms made in colonies.
 World War I- some battles fought in Africa and Asia.
 Post World War I- Influenza epidemic.
 World War II- Fight for Africa is one of keys to victory.
 Soldiers from colonies received brief independence.
 After World War II Decolonization starts.
Effects of Imperialism
Positives
 Natural Resources
 Technological Improvements
 Medical improvements
 Education
 New forms transportation
 Trade between countries
 Spread of religion
 European model of
government (democracy)
 Modernization /
Industrialization
Negatives
 Opium trade
 Slavery
 Deaths from war, plagues, torture,
genocide
 Forced dependency- ex British
forcing Indians to grow cash crops
 Divide and conquer – Civil War
cycle of revolution
 Racism- Social Darwinism /
Eugenics
 Poverty / Famine
 European model of gov’t (dictators)
 Loss of culture