Transcript Individualization & Family Values

Changing Family & Work
Values
Jacqueline Scott, University of
Cambridge & Michael Braun,
ZUMA Germany
Women and Employment Study
Relationship between home and work crucial
for women’s position in labour market and
society.
Need to examine how labour market
influenced by and influences reproductive role
and domestic division of labour (Martin and
Roberts 1984)
labour force participation rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
1911
1921
1931
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
married women
single women
all women
men
Labour force participation rates of
mothers with children under 18 by
country:1940-2004
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
02
/4
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
USA
GB
Germany
Gender & Generation
Family &
gender-role
values
Family and
employment
activities
across the
life course
Socio-cultural differences across
countries (e.g. welfare regimes,
religion, family, employment etc.)
Work
values
Agree Job best for women's independence/
Disagree women want home & children over job
(WES/BSA)
80
60
%
40
20
1980
84
87
89
90
91
94
F-jobbest
M-jobbest
F-wanthome
M-want home
2002
Disagree with traditional sex roles/ agree
women & family happier if women go out to
work (WES & BSA)
80
60
% 40
20
0
1980
F-sexrole
84
87
89
M-sexrole
90
91
F-happir
94
2002
M-Happir
Reject notion that family life suffers if
women in f-t work & pre-school child
suffers if mum works (BSA)
60
50
% 40
30
20
89
F-chdsuf
90
91
M-chdsuf
94
F-famsuf
98
2002
M-famsuf
Cross-national data spanning
1980 – present day
European Value Survey
Not ideal, but best available
for family values & work
values
Plot of Means
Marriage outdated institution
2,0
Traditionality
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
G_1:1:
G_2:2
Wave
G_3:4
France
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Great Britain
United States
West Germany
Plot of Means
Woman needs children
1,9
1,8
1,7
Traditionality
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
1981
1990
Wave
1999
France
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Great Britain
United States
Germany
Plot of Means
Marriage outdated institution
2,00
1,95
1,90
Traditionality
1,85
1,80
1,75
1,70
1,65
1,60
1,55
W ar
Boom
1981
Bust
W ar
Boom
1990
Bust
W ar
Boom
1999
Bust
France
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Great Britain
United States
West Germany
Plot of Means
Woman needs children
2,0
1,9
1,8
Traditionality
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
W ar
Boom
1981
Bust
W ar
Boom
1990
Bust
W ar
Boom
1999
Bust
France
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Great Britain
United States
West Germany
Key predictors of family values
MARRIAGE – most people
support
Country (differences stable)
Gender (negligible)
Generation (war vs. rest)
Marital status (as expected)
Employment status
(negligible)
Religious (far more trad)
MOTHERHOOD – greater
variation in whether
needed for fulfilment
Country (differences stable)
Gender (women less trad)
Generation (war vs. rest)
Parent status (as expected)
Employment status
(employed less trad)
Religious (more trad)
Intrinsic and extrinsic work value
measures
Which aspects of job do you think are
important........?
Extrinsic: good pay, not too much
pressure; good job security; good hours;
generous holidays
Intrinsic: an opportunity to use initiative; a
job in which you feel you can achieve
something; a responsible job; a job that is
interesting; a job that meets one’s abilities
How does Britain stand on work values
in cross-national comparison?
GB’s extrinsic values increased markedly
across decades (along with many other
European countries). If anything, recent
generations emphasise extrinsic values
more.
GB’s intrinsic values decreased over time.
For most of Europe intrinsic values have
increased.
Marital Status & Extrinsic work
values by gender & time (USA)
S002: 2 1990
S002: 1 1981
.7
.7
.6
Mean EXTRINX
.5
SEX
Male
.4
.5
SEX
Male
.4
Female
Female
married
cohabiting
divorced
married
cohabiting
divorced
single
single
MARRIED4
MARRIED4
S002:
4
1999-2000
. 70
. 60
Mean EXTRINX
Mean EXTRINX
.6
. 50
SEX
Male
. 40
F em ale
m a rrie d
MA RRIED4
co ha bit in g
div orc ed
sing le
Marital Status & Intrinsic work
values by gender time (USA)
S002: 1 1981
S002: 2 1990
.80
.80
.70
Mean INRINX
.60
SEX
Male
.50
.60
SEX
Male
.50
Female
married
cohabiting
divorced
Female
married
cohabiting
single
MARRIED4
MARRIED4
S002:
4
1999-2000
.80
.70
.60
Mean INRINX
Mean INRINX
.70
SE X
Male
.50
Female
married
MA RRIE D4
cohabiting
divorced
single
divorced
single
Where next?
Continuing the Women & Employment challenge looking at how the two
way links between family and work differ by gender and across time:
using longitudinal data to study life course dynamics e.g. how
gender roles and work values in adolescence affect subsequent
family formation and employment trajectories
using comparative data to explore what is distinctive about UK in
the factors that influence family values and work values change
using longitudinal & comparative analysis to identify policy
challenges and examine impact of different family and work policies
across time & place.
Findings: 25 years of Change in Family and Work Values
Link between marriage and women’s employment almost eradicated
Maternal employment continues to rise
Gender roles attitudes are changing quite slowly (with some reversals)
High support for marriage as institution; little change over time
Pro-motherhood sentiments stable across time, but differ markedly across
countries.
Extrinsic work values on rise throughout Europe
Intrinsic work orientation on rise in most of Europe, but not in UK
Link between marital status and extrinsic job values changing, in U.S.