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Chapter 9

WORKING FOR REFORM

Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

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Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities

Objectives:

 Who participated in the Second Great Awakening?

 What were the main characteristics of the Shakers and Mormons?

 What ideas did transcendentalism promote?

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Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities

Participants in the Second Great Awakening

 people living on the frontier  people living in the cities of the Northeast  African Americans  middle-class women

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Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities

Shaker beliefs

 separate yet relatively equal roles for men and women; no marriage  property jointly owned by the community  Christ would soon return to rule Earth  Utopian community

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Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities

Mormon beliefs

 Utopian community  plural marriage for men  Divine assistance had given new religious teachings.

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Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities

Transcendentalist ideas

 People could attain perfection through knowledge about God, the self, and the universe.

 importance of the individual  natural simplicity  spiritual renewal

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

7 Objectives:

 What motivated temperance reformers?

 Why did some women believe it was important to become involved in reform movements?

 How did educational opportunities change in the early 1800s?

 How and why did reformers work to improve prisons and other institutions?

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Temperance reformers

 wanted to reduce criminal behavior, family violence, and poverty  desired a more disciplined workforce  wanted to preserve the family

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Women and reform

Many women believed that they had a duty to become involved in reform since they were expected to instill values of good citizenship in their children and serve as the moral voice in their household.

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Education in the early 1800s

 expansion of public education  opening of first public high school  expansion of opportunities for women and African Americans to receive a college education

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Jails and prisons

Reformers created the penitentiary system, built more prisons, and established reform schools to deal with the imprisonment of juveniles with adult offenders.

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Poorhouses

Reformers established a network of poorhouses, where the able-bodied poor would be required to work and where poor children could be educated.

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Section 2: Movements for Social Reform

Mental hospitals

Rehabilitation hospitals were established to get mentally ill people out of jails and poorhouses.

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Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition

14 Objectives:

 How did African Americans change the focus of antislavery efforts?

 What sparked the call for immediate abolition?

 How did the Anti-Slavery Society spread its message?

 What obstacles did the abolitionist movement face?

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Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition

Focus of antislavery efforts

African Americans changed the focus of antislavery efforts through their opposition to plans for colonization.

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Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition

The call for immediate abolition

Impatience with the abolition movement’s lack of progress led some leaders such as David Walker and William Lloyd Garrison to call for immediate abolition.

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Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition

Obstacles to the abolition movement

 violence  fear and prejudice against free African Americans  internal conflict

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

18 Objectives:

 How did the women’s rights movement grow out of the abolitionist movement, and what opposition did it face?

 What did early women’s rights activists demand?

 What did the early women’s rights movement achieve, and what issues remained unresolved?

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

Women’s rights movement grew out of abolition movement

The women’s rights movement grew out of the abolition movement because many women who worked for abolition began comparing their situation to that of the slaves.

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

Opposition to women’s rights movement

The women’s rights movement faced opposition from men who believed that a woman’s place was in the home.

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

Early demands

 Married women should have the right to control property and earnings.

 Divorced women should gain custody of their children.

 Women should have the right to vote.

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

Achievements

 New York’s Married Women’s Property Act  Some states revised laws to permit married women to own property, file lawsuits, and retain earnings.

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Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights

Unresolved issues

 right to vote  needs of African American women and white, working-class women

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