Transcript WWII - Mediapolis Community School

WWII
Dictators of the World
• Joseph Stalin
• Leader of the Soviet Union, Communist
• Totalitarianism—government that had complete control of its
citizens
• Benito Mussolini
• Leader of Italy
• Fascism—type of government that stresses importance of
nationalism
• Adolf Hitler
• Leader of Germany
• Hideki Tojo
• Leader of Japan
German Problems
• Issues with Germany
• Germany was blamed for all of WWI.
• Germany had to pay millions upon millions of dollars to
countries effected by WWI. Germany was not allowed to have
much of an army or navy.
• Land was taken away from Germany
• Hitler
• Came to power, gave Germany a sense of hope
• Nazism—political party that control the Germans, focused on
making Germany powerful
• Rebuilt Army, Increased the Spirit of the people
German Aggression
• Hitler’s Plan
• Hated people to the East of Germany
• He wanted all of that area for “Lebensraum” which meant living
space.
• Hitler made his army extremely power, the rest of the world did
not pay attention to what he was doing.
• Hitler believed he had a right to invade all of the “low country
lands” because most of the people living there were of German
descent.
• Blitzkrieg—Lighting Warfare, attack countries with extreme
speed. (Hitler’s new strategy)
German Invasions
• Early German Invasions
• Invaded Austria, then Czechoslovakia. (Both had lots of
Germans living there)
• Appeasement
• Western Leaders let Hitler invade these countries, made them
promise to not to invade any more
• Next German Invasions
• Germany invaded Poland, broke a treaty with USSR
• Caused Great Britain, France, and USSR to declare war on
Germany. Italy decided to side with Germany (similar govts)
German Invasions
• Final German Invasions
• Algeria, Tunisia, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark,
Austria, Czech, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria,
Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Norway,
and parts of the USSR
• Italy
• Invading lands in Africa, decided to join with Germany
• Japan
• Invading lands in the Pacific/Asia decided to join with Germany
• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
• Allied Powers: GB, France, USSR, USA
How we got ready for war
• 10 million soldiers joined the armed forces
• Every industry in America changed to meet the
demands of a world war
• All automobile makers switched from cars to military vehicles.
• Shipyards and defense plants sprung up everywhere
• Factories made war materials (bombs, guns, etc)
• 18 million workers after Pearl Harbor, 6 million
were women.
• Defense plants hired over 2 million minorities
(lots of them moved to the North)
Economic Changes
• OPA—government organization that fought off
inflation
• War Protection Board—decided which companies
would produce certain consumer goods.
• Rationing—each household would receive a book
that gave them a certain amount of goods such as
meat, shoes, sugar, rubber, etc..
• This was a way to save goods for the military
European Conflict
The War for Europe
• GB and America
• The United States and Great Britain were very close
• Franklin Roosevelt (US President) decided that Germany
posed a greater threat so they decided to focus on them first.
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Hitler order submarine attacks against US ships that were
carrying supplies to GB.
• During the first four months of 1942, German U-Boats sank 87
US ships
• Convoys, Planes, and US Subs helped occupy the German UBoats (changed the outcome of this battle)
Germany invades USSR
• German advance into USSR
• Problem: USSR had way too many people, horrible winter
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Hitler wanted to wipe out the city of Stalingrad because it was
a major industrial city. (and named after Stalin)
• German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed Stalingrad for weeks.
• Stalin ordered the city to be defended even though it was
surrounded by the Germans.
• Slow, guerilla style fighting.
• Germans could never gain complete control of the city,
eventually they were surrounded by the Soviet Army.
• End Result: Soviets lost 1.1 million people, but were finally
able to stop the German Advance
Africa
• Stalin wanted America and GB to open a
second front against Germany.
• Operation Torch—Invasion of Axis
controlled North Africa
• Dwight Eisenhower—leader of this
invasion and campaign.
• Within a short time, the Allies were able to
take control of most of Northern Africa.
Italy
• Decided to attack Italy instead of going through
France.
• Won the island of Sicily fairly easily.
• Hitler was determined to stop the Allied advance
through Italy.
• Italy was very difficult to fight in because of the
bad land.
• Allied forces would fight in Italy until the end of
the war.
Varieties of People Serving
• African Americans—Tuskegee Airmen,
won two Distinguished Unit Citations
• Mexican Americans
• Japanese Americans—Fought in Italy and
North Africa
Preparing for Invasion of France
• Allies gathered about 3 million British,
American, and Canadian troops in England
• Eisenhower planned to attack the beaches of
Normandy (located in France)
• He tried to keep this a secret by setting up
fake invasion sites (Calais)…Hitler put
most of his generals there.
Actual Invasion of France
• Operation Overlord (D-Day)
• June 6th, 1944, the Allies began their invasion of
France.
• 3 Divisions of Paratroopers went down beyond
German front lines.
• Then thousands of soldiers invaded the coast.
• This was the largest land/sea/air invasion in history.
(book page 781)
Invasion
• The Allies had a difficult time getting past
all the German guns that were on the coast.
• Omaha Beach saw the highest death rates.
• After 7 days of fighting, the Allies had
claimed an 80 mile strip of Northern
France.
• Within a month, the Allies were able to get
a ton of supplies and men within France.
Advancing within France
• George Patton
• Leader of American Army
• August 25th, they took back Paris from the Germans.
American troops began moving all throughout
France.
• German Retreat
• Leaving France, now in Belgium and Luxemburg
Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler was trying to counterattack to break the
Allied lines, he wanted to get back the Belgium
city of Antwerp.
• Hitler was able to break through the initial line,
creating a bulge in the Allied Defense.
• The battle would last for a month, until the
Germans were forced back into Germany.
• Germans lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, and 1,600
planes…there was nothing that the Germans could
do but retreat….the war was almost over.
Death Camps
• American and Soviet troops began to push
towards the center of Germany.
• Along the way, both sides would find
numerous death camps used by the
Germans.
End of European Front
• By April of 1945, Soviet armies had invaded
Berlin (capital of Germany).
• Hitler committed suicide on April 30th, 1945.
• VE-Day—Victory in Europe Day, May 8th 1945,
the war in Europe was officially over.
• On April 12th, President Roosevelt died, he was
replaced by his vice president, Harry Truman
Other German Ideas
• Holocaust
• Hitler wanted to get rid of all “non-Aryans”
• More than 11 million people would be killed
throughout Europe.
• Jews were the primary target, mainly because there
was a history of hatred for the Jews.
• Hitler was able to blame the Jews for causing
WWI….people believed him.
• Millions of Jews lived in the lands East of Germany
Holocaust
• Kristallnacht
• Night of Broken Glass
• Nazi Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes,
businesses and synagogues
• Thousands of Jews were arrested, hundreds were
killed
• Jewish attempt to leave
• Tried to leave Germany , couldn’t find a home
• 40,000 to France, 30,000 to Palestine, 80,000 to GB,
100,000 to USA (most Americans were against this)
Hitler’s “Final Solution”
• Hitler’s final solution
• There were millions of Jews that were under the control of
Germany
• Genocide—deliberate and systematic killing of an entire
population. This was Hitler’s final solution
• Hitler believed that the Aryan race was the superior
• Other Groups
• Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witness, homosexuals, mentally ill,
disabled or incurably ill.
• SS-Security Squadrons; rounded up Jews/other people.
• Ghetto’s—Jews were forced to live in crowded, dismal
conditions that were sealed off with barbed wire, etc..
Concentration Camps
• Concentration Camps
• Jews and other “undesirables” were forced to live in
these labor camps.
• Crammed into horrible conditions, rarely fed.
• If they got sick and could not work—killed
• Ultimately, these camps turned more and
more deadly.
The Final Stage
• Death Camps
• German’s started to build death camps; 6 of them were built
within Poland.
• Each camp would have several gas chambers, it made it
possible to kill 12,000 a day. “Showers”
• Often times prisoners were grouped on whether they could
work or not.
• Other Methods of Torture
• Shot, hanged, injected with poison, horrible medical
experiments (disease, cold water, sterilization).
• The dead bodies were either put in mass graves or burned.
• An estimated 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazi’s. (p. 751)
The War in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression
• Japan’s Government
• Similar to Germany wanted to create an empire
throughout the Pacific Ocean.
• Hideki Tojo, leader
• Japan and USA
• USA imposed restrictions on Japan b/c of their
aggressive behavior
• Japan needed to find away to surprise the Americans
in order to reach their objective.
How American Got Involved
• Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese subs and planes bombed
USA base.
• 2,403 Americans were killed, 1,178 wounded
• Sunk or damaged 28 ships and 300 aircraft
• Fortunately, not all the battleships were destroyed
• USA declared war on Japan the next day.
• 3 Days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the
USA
Japan
• We went to war with Japan at the same time
that we went to war with Germany.
• Fortunately for the USA, Japan had missed
most of the American aircraft carriers and
submarines.
Japanese Aggression
• Japan conquered most of SE Asia by 1941.
• Douglas McArthur was in charge of the Allied
troops within the Pacific.
• Doolittle’s Raid was an surprise bombing attack
on Tokyo in April of 1942, this gave America
some much need confidence.
• Battle of the Coral Sea—American and Australian
Forces stopped the Japanese from advancing into
Australia. First time the Japanese were stopped
from advancing.
Battle of Midway
• Japanese wanted to take the Midway Islands
(located NW of Hawaii).
• Americans were able to break the Japanese code
and knew where they were going to try to advance
• Chester Nimitz—commander of the American
Naval Forces in the Pacific.
• Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser and over
250 planes.
• This was the turning point in the battle of the
Pacific because the Japanese were not able to
advance any more.
Allied Advance
• The first Allied advance was in the
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. This
was the first place the Japanese were
defeated.
• In 1944, General McArthur returned with
178,000 Allied troops to the Philippines (a
place were they had to retreat from earlier)
The Japanese Defense
• Japan tried to do everything they could to prevent
the Americans from invading the Philippines. In
the end, it was a devastating battle for the
Japanese. Heavy losses, Japanese Navy was never
really a threat anymore.
• Kamikaze—suicide plane attacks. These were
successful in sinking 16 ships and damaging 80
others.
Iwo Jima
• Allies turned their attention to Iwo Jima
• It was a rocky, barren island that was heavily
defended by more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers
(most in tunnels and caves)
• More than 6,000 Americans died trying to take
this island…only 200 Japanese survived.
• This was an important step towards being able to
attack Japan
Okinawa
• US Marines invaded Okinawa…Japanese
responded with more than 1900 kamikaze attacks
that killed 5,000 marines and sunk/damaged over
300 ships.
• 7,600 Americans died while trying to take the
island compared to 110,000 Japanese.
• This made America rethink invading Japan. Some
people estimated that it would cost over 1 million
lives to invade the Japanese Mainland.
Atomic Bomb
• Japan had a huge army and invading Japan would
be an extremely difficult struggle.
• Truman saw the only way to avoid invading Japan
was to use the Atomic Bomb (new invention).
• J Robert Oppenheimer—American scientist who
developed the Atomic Bomb.
• More than 600,000 Americans worked on this project, they
were able to keep it a secret.
• First test was in New Mexico, flash that was seen for 180
miles.
Truman’s Decision
• Truman had a difficult decision, should they
use the atomic bomb to end the war?
• On July, 25th, Truman ordered the military
to begin preparation for dropping the bomb.
• He then sent a message to Japan telling
them to surrender or else…
• Truman always thought his decision was the
correct one.
Bombings
• On August 6th, B-29 Bomber named the Enola
Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
(important military city)
• 43 seconds after the bomb landed, the entire city
was destroyed. (7000 Celsius)
• Three days later, the Americans dropped another
bomb on Nagasaki.
• Over 200,000 people died from the blast/radiation
that occurred from the blasts.
• Japan surrendered on September 2, the emperor
could not bear to see anymore innocent people die
Yalta Conference
• Before VE day, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in
Yalta to discuss what to do when the war was over.
• They decided to split Germany up into occupation zones
(one each of the USA, GB, USSR, and France).
• The leaders thought that eventually Germany would be
unified together….Stalin, who had promised that he would
allow free elections in his part, would ultimately go back
on this. This created East/West Germany which lasted
until the early 1990’s.
• USSR also agreed to join the war to help the USA fight
against Japan (never really happened)
• UN was also created (USSR was not to happy with it)
Nuremberg Trails
• 24 Nazi leaders were put on trial for the
death camps that were found, 12 were
sentence to death. Lots of criticism.
• Set up the idea that individuals are
responsible for their actions, even in times
of war…now a part of international law.
Occupation of Japan
• American troops under George McArthur
would occupy Japan for 7 years after the
war.
• Many Japanese officials and officers were
put on trial and sentenced to prison or death.
• McArthur reshaped Japans economy and
government…which has helped Japan
succeed as a country.
American Homefront
• Unemployment fell to 1.2 %, weekly paychecks
rose by 35%, farmers made a lot of money with
crop production up 50%.
• 6 million women entered the workforce (35%
increase), the war created a TON of different
opportunities for women to work
• Population shifted during the war because of new
economic opportunities (defense plants, etc)
• More than a million people moved to California during the war
• Over a million African Americans left the South to work in
other parts of our country.
Social Adjustments
• With so many men overseas, it was the mothers
responsibility to raise the family.
• The number of marriages and births went up
significantly before and after the war.
• GI Bill of Rights—bill that would provided
education/training for veterans when they returned
from war. (over 7.8 million used this bill to go to
college/tech school). Also gave loans to veterans
trying to buy a home/start a business.
Civil Rights Issues
• When African Americans moved North to work in defense jobs, they
often times faced discrimination.
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)—one of the first civil rights
groups.
• Major riot in Detroit that left around 30 dead. This just showed how
much racial tension still existed between whites and blacks.
• Mexican Americans were involved in a similar riot in Los Angeles.
Zoot Suit—a popular style of dress worn by Mexican-Americans.
• Young Mexican Americans were upset at treatment and
protested. Mexicans were also accused of beating up some
sailors…led to week long riots
Internment of Japanese
Americans
• 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the
American West Coast when Pearl Harbor
happened…everyone became paranoid.
• Internment Camps—confinement camps or
prison camps for Japanese Americans.
• The media made things much worse by
making up stories about Japanese
Americans…the public became afraid.
Internment of Japanese
Americans
• In 1942, Roosevelt ordered that around 110,000 Japanese
Americans be “relocated” from the west coast to interment
camps.
• Most of the people that were sent to these camps were
Nisei (people born in America)
• No evidence was ever found that connected Japanese
Americans to the Japanese War Effort.
• Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) fought for a
long time to get compensated for what the government had
done to them during WWII.
• In 1990, every Japanese American effected got $ 20,000